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Sir Francis Galton was an influential mentor for the educational psychologists who supplied crucial doctrine to American eugenics from 1903 to 1930. Yet the nature of his influence has never been specified. The psychologists' own claim as to the Galton's contribution -- that he provided sufficient justification for their absolutist hereditarianism -- was clearly disingenuous. Rather, he appears to have functioned as a model for these figures, who were informed by their perceptions of Galton's ulterior purposes in constructing eugenics as he did. Any of various features in the 45-year-long course of that development could have encouraged these particular legatees to appreciate both Galton and his product as surreptitious stanchers of democracy.

An updated & slightly abridged English translation of the author's previous work on the 5th century B.C. Neoplatonist Hierocles, published in various places. This work allows Hierocles' median position in the history of Neoplatonic philosophy, between Iamblichus & Syrianus-Proclus, to emerge. Contents: (I) Biographical Elements; (II) Hierocles' Ideas on the History of Platonic Philosophy; (III) Hierocles' Philosophical Ideas on Matter, the Demiurge, & the Soul; & (IV) Hierocles' Philosophical Ideas on Providence. Translated from the French.

The fourth of 4 vols. which trace the history of the later Crusades & papal relations with the Levant from the accession of Innocent III (in 1198) to the reign of Pius V & the Battle of Lepanto (1566-71). Contents of this vol.: The Murder of Martinuzzi, the Turks on Land & at Sea, the War of Siena; The Reign of Paul IV to the Outbreak of the War with Spain; Paul IV, the War with Spain & Jean de la Vigne at the Porte; The Election of Pius IV & the Fall of the Carafeschi, Cyprus & the Turkish Success at Jerba; The Third Period & Closure of the Council of Trent; France, Venice, & the Porte -- the Turkish Siege of Malta; Pius V, Spain, & Venice; the Turks in Chios & the Adriatic; the Revolt of the Netherlands; Venice, Cyprus, & the Porte in the Early Years of Selim II; The Failure of the Expedition of 1570 & Pius V's Attempts to Form the Anti-Turkish League; The Holy League, the Continuing War with the Turks, & the Fall of Famagusta; & the Road to Lepanto, the Battle, & a Glance at the Following Century.

This is a print on demand publication. Contents: (I) The Use & Meaning of Coppers in the Period Between 1860-1920; Coppers; Environmental Conditions; Cosmologies; Social Structure; Meanings Attributed to Copper; The Roles of Coppers in Each of the 5 Societies; Comparison of Coppers & Their Use & Meaning; (II) The Early Development of Coppers in Historical Context: Early Period 1741-1840; Copper Objects of the Native People Seen by Europeans; Sources of Native Copper; Amount & Type of Trade Copper Introduced; Type of European Copper Traded 1750-1840; The Later Period 1840-1920; Coppers 1840-1920; (III) The Native Copper Questions: Native Metal-Working Technology; Metallurgical & Metallographic Analysis; (IV) Formal Antecedents to Coppers: European Objects; Archaeological Artifacts; Ethnographic Artifacts; Conclusions; Bibliography. Illus.

This volume contains the lectures of Dr. Benjamin Rush on physiology, which deal with the mind. Regarded as "the father of American psychiatry," for over 30 years Dr. Rush treated insane patients at the Pennsylvania Hospital in Philadelphia. He published the first American book on psychiatry, "Medical Inquiries and Observations Upon the Disease of the Mind," in 1812. Contents of this volume: General Introduction; The Syllabus; The Introductory Lecture; Introduction to the Lectures on Animal Life; Benjamin Rush Lectures on the Mind; Introduction to the Mind; Introduction to Sleep and Dreams; and Epilogue.

This is a print on demand publication. Contents: Introduction; (I) The Diversity of the Aristotelian Reaction; (II) The Basic Defense of Aristotelian Cosmology; (III) The Earth's Centrality: The Three Centers; & The Terraqueous Sphere; (IV) The Earth's Immobility: (A) Physical Arguments Based on the Common Motion: The Common Motion; Ships & the Common Motion; Cannon Balls to East & West; The Fall of Heavy & Light Bodies; & Miscellaneous Physical Arguments; & (B) Metaphysical Arguments: Simplicity, Order & Nobility; & Conclusion.

Makes a significant contribution to our knowledge of the early maritime trade in the northern Pacific in general, & in the Bering Strait area in particular. The maritime fur trade was an important commercial force in the Bering Strait region from the early 19th cent. until the outbreak of WW2; nevertheless, its origins are not well understood. But two important documents shed considerable light on the genesis of this trade. These manuscripts describe the voyages of the Amer. trading brigs "Gen. San Martin" & "Pedler" in 1819-20. They provide info. on the relationships that existed between the Amer. maritime traders & the Russian officials in Kamchatka & Alaska, as well as with the inhab. of the Bering Strait region in the first qtr. of the 19th cent. Illustrations.

The second of 4 vols. which trace the history of the later Crusades & papal relations with the Levant from the accession of Innocent III (in 1198) to the reign of Pius V & the battle of Lepanto (1566-71). Contents: Venice & the Latin Failure to Halt the Ottoman Advance in Greece; Martin V & Eugenius IV, Constance & Ferrara-Florence, Opposition to Murad II; The Crusade of Varna & Its Aftermath; The Siege & Fall of Constantinople (1453) & Perils & Problems after the Fall; Calixtus III & the Siege of Belgrade, Mehmed II & Albania; Pius II, the Congress of Mantua & the Turkish Conquest of the Morea; Pius II, the Crusade, & the Venetian War against the Turks; Paul II, Venice, & the Fall of Negroponte; Sixtus IV & the Turkish Occupation of Otranto; Piere d'Aubusson & the First Siege of Rhodes; Sixtus IV & the Recovery of Otranto; Innocent VII, Jem Sultan, & the Crusade; Innocent VIII & Alexander VI, Charles VIII & Ferrante I; Alexander VI & Charles VIII, the French Expedition into Italy; The French in Naples, the League of Venice, & Papal Problems; & The Diplomatic Revolution: France & Spain, the Papacy & Venice.

Henry Rowland (1848-1901) was one of the most important figures in the founding of modern physics in the U.S. A principal founder and first pres. of the Amer. Physical Soc., he is best known for his invention of the concave spectral grating for which he won a gold medal and grand prize at the 1890 Paris Exposition. A grad. of Rensselaer Polytechnic Inst. in civil engineering, Rowland was prof. of physics at Johns Hopkins Univ., where he had the principal part in forming the first school of Amer. physicists to be professionally trained in the U.S. In this vol., Sweetnam, using Rowland's papers and those of his colleagues and students, has written the first scholarly exposition of Rowland's work.

Behind the original pubication of Montgomery's "Practical Detail" (1840) lay the continuing concern about world markets & international economic & technological leadership. Montgomery's achievement lay in the wealth & reliability of the comparative data he assembled, for the first time, about the Am. & British cotton industries, which were then the high tech of industrializing societies. For the tech. & economics of production of the early 19th century cotton industries, his work remains indispensable. A mss. has recently surfaced in which Montgomery recorded the changes he intended for the 2nd ed. of his classic. The vol. is prefaced by a biog. of Montgomery, tracing his Scottish background & his migration from Glasgow to New England in the 1830s, & an intro. to the 2nd ed., establishing its context. Appended to the Montogmery text are the documents of the "justitia controversy," from the Boston newspapers of 1841, in which the merits & relative costs of steam & water power were debated. Scholarly footnotes, textual & substantive, are provided as appropriate. Illus.

The autobiographical memoirs of Zeng Baosun, an extraordinary Chinese woman who was a pioneer in promoting education for girls & Christian values, are expertly translated & adapted by Thomas Kennedy. The commentary recounts Zeng Baosun's life & education, from her studies abroad, to her experiences through two world wars, to her exile in Taiwan. She emphasized the feminist commitment to leadership and improvement in the condition of women, but always within an established social and economic order.

Contents: (I) The Place of Practical Geometry in the Middle Ages: The Nature of Practical Geometry; Practical Geometry in Education; Theory and Practice in Geometry; and Practical Geometry and Practical Concerns; (II) The Contents of "Artis cuiuslibet consummatio" and the "Pratike de geometrie"; (III) Procedures in the Editions, Translations, and Commentary: Editing "Artis cuiuslibet consummatio"; Editing the "Pratike de geometrie"; Translating the Texts; and About the commentary; and (IV) English translation of "Arts cuiuslibet consummatio" and of the "Pratike de geometrie." Selected Bibliography, Index of Latin Technical Terms, Index of Old French Technical Terms, and Index of Astronomical Parameters. Illus.

This vol. draws together records documenting a little known diplomatic effort to establish peace along the war-torn Appalachian frontier during the spring, summer, & fall of 1760. Assembled here is a representative sample of the council minutes, speeches, letters of correspondence, warrants, inventories, passports, journals, diaries, & other types of records documenting a frontier diplomatic mission of the period. These records reveal something of the range & diversity of documentary materials available to scholars interested in reconstructing diplomatic events along a distant frontier during a critical period of Am. history. Individually, they document political maneuvers & details of everyday life, many of which are recorded nowhere else. Collectively, they provide additional keys to understand better how Indians & colonists shaped a new diplomatic landscape along the Penna. frontier after the Brit. succeeded in breaking French power in N. Am. in 1760.

Frank Schmitt has for two thirds of a century been searching for -- and in many cases finding -- explanations of major biomedical importance. His is a very human story -- of a youth in high school doing experiments in a make-shift chemical laboratory in the attic of the family home; of a young university student who organized a students' science society and whose undergraduate research on cell structure was published in major professional journals; of a medical school student who wrote a thesis that attracted the attention of cardiologists for many years; of a devoted husband who, with his young wife, spent two postdoctoral years in Berkeley, London and Berlin and later made two trips around the world with her as he set up a worldwide network of neuroscientists. As a young scientist at Washington University, Schmitt investigated polarization optical and x-ray diffraction methods to discover the molecular structure of living tissues -- this, long before molecular biology was established as a scientific discipline. Schmitt was called to head biology at MIT in 1941. There he added electron microscopy to his ultrastructural repertoire and used much of it in wartime research. As an Institute Professor (MIT's highest rank), he became a leader in the founding and characterization of the fields of biophysic and neuroscience. Schmitt was also deeply committed to music, along with his wife, and had an interest in theology. Photos.

Contents: Section 1: The Geographical Concepts: Boundaries in Arabo-Islamic Cartography; and Boundaries in the Arabo-Islamic Geographic and Historical Texts; Section 2: Travelers' Experiences at Internal Boundaries, the Area Concept in Arabo-Islamic Geography, and the Relation of Zone-Boundaries to Basic Tenets of Arabo-Islamic Culture; Boundaries in the Writings of Travelers in the Islamic Empire; The Concept of Area in Muslim Geographic Thought; and Boundary Characteristics as a Consequence of Embedded Attidues of the Culture: Section 3: Genesis of Boundary Zones Involving non-Arab Muslim States; Section 4: Summary and Conclusions. Illustrations. A reprint of the American Philosophical Society Transactions 85-6 (1985)

Provides the first complete edition, annotated and with modernized spelling, of these important late-Elizabethan letters, written by Rowland Whyte as the personal agent and advisor at court of Robert Sidney, Viscount Lisle and first Earl of Leicester. His series of 292 surviving letters to Sidney, written between September 1595 and December 1602, were partly intended as intelligence documents, keeping Sidney fully briefed on court affairs and gossip. This edition also includes a shorter sequence of Whyte's surviving letters to Gilbert Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury, concerning the marriage of Talbot's daughter, Lady Mary, to Robert Sidney's rich and increasingly powerful nephew, William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke. A useful resource for the last years of Queen Elizabeth's reign. Illus.

Among the Clarendon papers held by the Bodleian Library and the Portland Manuscripts appear copies of a long and detailed letter of advice written to Charles II on the eve of the Restoration. The "Advice" was atributed to Edwad Hyde, Earl of Clarendon and Lord Chancellor during the early years of Charles's reign. In 1903, however, Arthur Strong found that the handwriting of the Welbeck copy was identifical to other documents written by William Cavendish, Earl of Newcastle. Other evidence corrobates Strong's claim. The letter was apparently written by Newcastle in late 1658 or early 1659 and presented to Charles during the spring of 1659. Here is the text of Newcastle's letter and and an Introduction by Thomas Slaughter, who transcribed the letter.

Title on added t.p.: De vocabulis quae diversum significatum exhibent secundum differentiam accentus.

Contents: The Uncompleted World of the Revolution & the Origins of the Dispute Over the Princes' Properties; The First Stages of the Controversy, Nov. 1925 to Jan. 1926: The Communists Set the Pace; The Social Democratic Party Astride Two Horses: The SPD's Decision to Support the Referendum, Jan., 1926; The Dilemma of the Middle Parties: Could the Reichstage Find an Alternative to the Initiative Proposal? Jan.-March, 1926; "The Center Party Must Remain the Center Party"; From the Initiative to the Referendum, March-June, 1926: Chances for Parliamentary Action Fade; & The Failure of the Referendum & Its Aftermath.

The town of Elmina was the most important trading center on the Gold Coat (GC) of W. Africa for at least 2 cent. Elminans engaged in commercial transactions which linked the GC with 3 very different trade networks. Contents: (I) The Akan on the GC; (II) Europeans on the GC: The Portuguese, 1471-1642; & The Dutch from 1593; (III) Akan Participation in the Atlantic Trading System; (IV) An Intro. to Elmina; (V) The Elmina Political Framework; (VI) The Functioning of Gov't.: Justice & Dispute Settlement; & Foreign Affairs; & (VII) Elmina-Dutch Relations. Appendices: Elmina Chronology; Weights, Measures & Def.; Dirs. Gen. & Pres. of the 2nd W. India Co.; Counts of Indictment & Defense of the Negroes of Mina; & Elmina Leaders. Biblio. Illustrations.

This is a print on demand publication. Cognitive psychologists are now suggesting that there are two kinds of features which people use in the recognition & classifiation process.The first are very basic properties which have been studied by experimental psychologists. The second are object-specific features which have been the basis of most stylistic analyses. However, experimental psychologists have largely studied the categorization process in an acultural setting, & both they & their subjects were largely from Western, modernized cultures. Since what is perceived varies greatly from culture to culture, the challenge to anthropologists is to develop methodologies that will reveal which features are salient in a given cultural situation. It is therefore the purpose of this study to re-examine the issue of how people sort & group things in their world by utilizing both the methodologies of cognitive psychology & anthropology to understand the kinds of features people use to make category decisions. To test this approach, the author examined how the Bakuba of central Zaire manipulate certain basic design properties in their process of naming pattern categories on raffia cloth. Illus.

Franklin's printing house was one of the most influential in all the Brit. colonies in the 18th cent. Here are bibliographically accurate descriptions of the more than 800 items from broadsides to books printed by Franklin or by the partnership of Franklin and Hall. Lists 600+ pieces of job printing by Franklin, and another 100 items erroneously ascribed to the Franklin shop. Includes a summary account of Franklin's career as a printer in Phila., and individual essays on his dealings with the Brit. type-founders, the colonial Amer. papermakers, and the PA and New England bookbinders. Includes specimens of Franklin's first type fonts and pictorial reproductions of his stock of decorative ornaments and of rubbings of binders' tools found on vol. bearing his imprint.

The Curatorial Department of the American Philosophical Society presents a catalogue of the exhibition held in Philosophical Hall from June 2003 through December 2004. The exhibit focuses on the blending of art and science in the study of natural history in North America. It explores the cultural assumptions that governed the practice of natural history on the North American continent in the 18th and early 19th centuries. Focusing on the study of living things -- plants, animals, and indigenous peoples -- it looks at how and why Euro-Americans of the Enlightenment and post-Enlightenment periods went about explaining the world the way they did. Exhibit items include historical specimens, manuscript materials, first-edition books, and art work.

French author Chretien de Troyes is now firmly estabished as the most important vernacular writer of the 12th-century renaissance. Chretien, a native of Troyes in Champagne, was patronized by two powerful nobles & was thus well placed to compose the courtly lit. that characterized his time. His works include the earliest known Arthurian romance; the earliest & most sustained commentary on the Legend of Tristan & Iseut; the earliest known version of the story of Lancelot & Guinevere; & the earliest known romance about the Grail. Contents of this study: (1) "Erec et Enide" The Norms of the Narrative; The Rejection of the "Marvellous"; & The Problem of Narrative Continuity; (2) "Cliges" The Technique of Alternation; The Technique of Displacement; & The Silence of Soredamors; (3) Lancelot: "Le Chevalier de la Charrette" Internalizing the Narrative; The Manipulation of Obstacles; & The Adaptation of Roles; (3) Yvain: "Le Chevalier au Lion" Externalizing the Narrative; The Delicate Balance; & The Disappearance of the Omniscient Narrator"; (4) Conclusion; & (5) Bibliography.

Thomas Thistlewood is known for his daily records of life on a slave plantation in eighteenth-century Jamaica. Thistlewood's previously unexamined weather journal is shown here to be the most important written record from the Earth's tropical regions available. His observation methods are superior to most of his contemporaries & provide a high-quality daily record of more than 35 years. Comparison of his records with modern weather records indicates that Thistlewood's Jamaica was a much cooler & moister place than in modern times. A 252-year record of tropical storm & hurricane frequency in Jamaica reveals that the late 20th-century minimum in storm frequency is unprecedented.

These tables for A.D. 2 to A.D. 1649 are an extension, with some improvements, of earlier ones for 601 B.C. to A.D. 1. As before, they give the geocentric positions (tropic celestial longitudes & latitudes, i.e. with respect to the mean equinox of date), in units of 0 degrees.01 for the Sun & planets, & 0 degrees.1 for the Moon, at 16h Universal Time - 4 P.M. Greenwich Civil Time - 7 P.M. local mean time of 45 degrees East longitude (Babylon), on the indicated dates, all in the Julian calendar, hence for Julian dates 5n + 1/6 for the Moon, Mercury, & Venus, & 1-n + 1/6 for the Sun, Mars, Jupiter, & Saturn. The same adaptation of the theories of Leverrier, Gaillot, & Hansen, with modified elements by Schoch, was used as before, except as noted below. The chief change has been to improve the positions of Jupiter & Saturn. Tables.

Charles V was a scholarly king who commissioned French versions of ancient & medieval treatises for the express purpose of guiding his government. To translate Aristotle's "Politics" he chose Nicole Oresme, an ingenious philosopher whose aptitude & attitudes made him an effective supporter of the Valois monarchy. Oresme's task was to take his text out of the language of a small but international community of scholars & adapt it to serve the French people, making it accessible to a new & broad audience. Contents: Oresme & his Version of the "Politics"; Oresme & the Commentary Tradition of the "Politics"; Nat. Sovereignty & the Hierarchy of Communities; The Public State & the Common Good; The "Politics," the "Livre de Politiques," & the Church; Aristotle, Oresme, & Gallicanism; Conclusion; & Bibliography.

This is a print on demand publication. Demonstrates that the Dravidian language family of South Asia is related to Elamite, a major language of ancient West Asia. Also, it follows up on some of the implications of this relationship. To do this, summaries are provided of comparative Dravidian & of Elamite grammar. The methodology employed is traditional, philologically based, comparative linguistics. While this work contains a fairly detailed & thorough discussion of comparative Dravidian & of Elamite grammar, it is not a comparative grammar or even the beginnings of one. Background introductions in archaeology & history are provided for those who are unfamiliar with the ancient Near East. This work has one goal: to prove beyond doubt that Elamite & Dravidian are cognate. Illustrations.