Bøger af Wilson Bellacoola

The Psychological Impact of Historical Trauma on Native American People Native American historical trauma is similar to other massive generational group traumas. Past examples include the Jewish holocaust, slavery of the African people in the United States, and treatment of the Japanese Americans in the U.S. during World War II. Understanding the history of Native Americans allows for the design of culturally specific preventative and therapeutic interventions. Contrary to what is taught in modern history books, Native Americans were an advanced culture deeply immersed in their environments. From the invasion by the Spanish in the 1400s to the scorched earth extermination policies of the United States in the 1800s, Native Americans endured attempted genocide, forced relocation and confinement to reservations, and forced assimilation. Historical trauma is generational and dwells deep in the souls of Native American individuals and communities all across the United States. For any healing to occur, one must take a close look at the root cause of historical trauma for the Native American people. The focus of this book is to explore and develop ideas that will assist Native Americans in accessing which old ways are too biologically ingrained to do away with and what new ways must be taken on to come to terms with such a massively different environment.To understand the Native American people, it is essential to understand the environment in which they live, know their history, and see how this history has shaped them. It is equally important to understand and respect their worldview, which describes the thought process of a people or a culture. Native Americans were displaced from their traditional lands, their sacred sites were excavated, and their sacred objects were placed in private collections and museums. Their dead were exhumed from their traditional burial sites to make room for ranching and industry. Their artwork was never seen as separate from their culture. It was commercially reproduced and modified for Western tastes. Traditional ceremonies and stories were depicted, usually inaccurately, in novels, movies, and on television. Their way of life was disrupted, and they were forced to accept religious institutions whose dogmas often conflicted with Native American values.A variety of terms have been used interchangeably to refer to America's indigenous populations -- "Indians," "Native Americans," "American Indians," Native peoples." The problem of terminology began with Columbus. He was lost. The people he met were not Indians because he was not in India. Still, for six centuries, these peoples have been called "Indians." They are many different peoples and many different nations with many other languages. To justify the use of "Indians," which some scholars find offensive, I refer to Sherman Alexie's remark during a reading in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, March 1993: "The white man tried to take our land, our sovereignty, and our languages. He gave us the word "Indian." Now he wants to take the word "Indian" away from us too. Well, he can't have it." Throughout this book, all these terms have been used interchangeably to best reflect the subject being discussed.

For generations, the Native American culture has been dismantled through war, forced colonization, and hatred. As a result of ignorance and prejudice, their existence has often been reduced to a subject title in our history books to remind the distant past. We gasp at the horrific ways they were stripped of their culture, tradition, land, and community. Yet, we remain ignorant that the devastating effects of this historical trauma have been passed on from generation to generation and still haunt the daily existence of Native American people today.According to a recent study, 566 federally recognized American Indian and Alaska Native tribes and villages in the United States--each with their own culture, language, and history. Every tribe has unique traditions and styles of housing, dress, religious beliefs, values, and ceremonies. Throughout the passing generations, however, Native Americans have battled to maintain their cultural identity. The racialization of Native Americans has distorted their individual and collective identities. As a mechanism of Western imperialism, "race" has contributed to their dispossession, disintegration, and decentralization. Racialized oppression continues at federal and tribal levels through racial terminology and blood quantum policies, leading to the fragmentation, marginalization, stigmatization, and alienation of Native individuals. As such, race and blood quantum pose a threat to the survival of tribes. Tribes have within their means indigenous alternatives to race and blood quantum and will need to revitalize these indigenous practices and principles if they are to safeguard their survival as autonomous cultural and political entities