Bøger af Wenli Sun

Different isothermal amplification techniques are the signal amplification assays, the probe amplification assays, and the target amplification assays. Molecular techniques used for detection of quinolone resistance consist of the use of various techniques like polymerase chain reaction fragment length polymorphism, PCR, single-strand conformation polymorphism, nucleotide-sequencing analysis and multiplex allele-specific polymerase chain reaction. Main nucleic acid testing techniques are amplified nucleic acid techniques, microarrays, and non-amplified acid techniques. Recombinase aided amplification (RAA) assay has been successfully applied in the detection of bacterial and viral pathogens and overcomes the technical difficulties posed by DNA amplification methods because it does not need thermal denaturation of the template and operates at a low and constant temperature.

L'omique a une vision intégrative et fonctionne mieux que l'étude d'une seule voie dans la recherche des mécanismes complexes de calcification vasculaire. L'intégration des données issues de l'omique à haut débit est un élément important pour élucider les principales interactions entre les divers éléments moléculaires dans des contextes biologiques complexes. L'omique est un outil formidable pour produire des données sur le comportement et les interactions dans les communautés microbiennes, et l'intégration des données omiques dans la détermination du risque microbien, qui peut avoir un impact significatif sur la sécurité alimentaire, est également recommandée pour un contrôle approprié des mécanismes d'altération.

Omics has an integrative view and it works better in comparison with a single pathway studies in the research of complex vascular calcification mechanisms. The important part to unraveling the main interactions among various molecular element sin complex biological contexts is data integration from high-throughput ¿omics. Omics indicate wonderful tools to produce behavioral and interactions data in microbial communities, and integrating omics data into microbial risk determination, which may have significant impact on food safety, and it is also recommended for appropriate control of spoilage mechanisms.

Fermentation is being used since ages as a safe technique for food preservation and uses minimal resources. Most common fermentations are alcohol fermentation, lactic acid (homofermentation), lactic acid (heterofermentation), butyric acid, mixed acid, propionic acid and acetic acid. The protein industry uses fermentation in three primary ways, 1) Traditional fermentation, 2) Biomass fermentation, 3) Precision fermentation: uses microbial hosts as cell factories for producing specific functional ingredients that typically need greater purity than the primary protein ingredients and are incorporated at lower levels. This book is aimed to both introduce and survey the fermentation technology and its relationship with functional foods, as well as, investigate and inspect different research progresses of protein factory-microbial fermentation technology.

Phenolic compounds are one of the most important compounds with an important role in growth and reproduction, providing protection against pathogens and predators, and they could be the main determinant of antioxidant potential of foods. They also contribute towards the color and sensory characteristics of fruits and vegetables. Different classes of phenolic compounds in plants are Simple phenolics, Benzoquinones; Hydroxybenzoic acids; Acetophenones, phenylacetic acids; Hydroxycinnamic acids, phenylpropanoids; Napthoquinones; Xanthones; Stilbenes, anthraquinones; Flavonoids, isoflavonoids; Lignans, neolignans; Biflavonoids; Lignins; and Condensed tannins. Hydroxybenzoic acids gallic acid, and Protocatechuic acid. Hydroxycinnamic acids are p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, sinapic acid, and other components such as coumarins (Umbelliferone, Esculetin, Scopoletin, Resveratrol, Piceatannol, Pterostilbene), curcuminoids (Curcumin, Demethoxycurcumin, Bisdemethoxycurcumin), condensed tannins or proanthocyanidins (Procyanidin B1), and lignan (Sesamin).

Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), belongs to Zingiberaceae family, is a perennial rhizomatous plant of tropical and subtropical regions. The three major chemical constituents and biological activities of turmeric are curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin. The main constituents of rhizome of leaf are ¿-turmerone, ¿-turmerone, and ar-turmerone. The most important health benefits of turmeric is antioxidant activity, gastrointsntial effects, inflammatory and edematic disorders, anti-cancer effects, cardiovascular and anti-diabetic effects, antimicrobial activity, photo-protector activity, hepatoprotective and renoprotective effects, and appropriate for treatment of Alzheimer. Curcuminoids are phenolic compounds usually used as a pigment, spice with many health benefits such antiviral, antitumour, anti-HIV, anti-inflammatory, antiparasitic, anticancer and antifungal effects. Curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin are major active and stable bioactive constituents of curcuminoids.

Longan has been used as a traditional Chinese medicine for various purposes, such as soothing nerves, relieving insomnia and increasing blood metabolism. Longan fruits are alternately eaten fresh, and they have elegant and sweet-tasting flesh. This fruit can also be processed to make dried pulp, jam, drinks, wine and canned fruit. This review article suggested verifying that longan is the dominant source of constituents with beneficial nutritional and bioactive characteristics, but more clinical researches may be needed to reveal the countless substances and their impacts in longan that present to public health.

In many countries, medicinal plants are widely used as functional foods and daily supplements with the aim of promoting public health and both preventing and curing diseases. Spear thistles are usually find in arid and semi-arid regions, as well as pastures and nitrogenous soil. Spear thistle contains different kinds of minerals, silica, mucilages, tannins, and bioflavonoids. It has been considered as spice in some traditional cooking and used as a vegetable or salad. A decoction of the plant has been utilized to treat bleeding piles, and a hot infusion of the whole plant has been utilized as herbal steam for treating rheumatic joints. Ramsons produce sulfide compounds like garlic and onions with similar medicinal impacts such as cardiovascular benefits, antimicrobial and antifungal properties, as well as being a tonic to digestion, an immune booster, good for skin and an alternative treatment for blood pressure and platelet aggregation.

Chinese herbal medicine is the most important part of Chinese therapeutics both in nutrition and as a form of drug therapy. Chinese jujube is found in subtropics of Asia and largely in China. The jujube leaf, which is the main byproduct of jujube, has also been used in TCM for thousands of year to improve sleep, to nourish the heart and soothe the nerves, and to reduce hemorrhaging and diarrhea. Jujube contains 23 types of amino acids that are not found in most other kinds of fruits, and it has numerous health beneficial so it has famous as traditional and functional Chinese food. Jujube usage in combination with other medicinal herbs and fruits have been used safely and effectively in traditional Chinese medicine for many years for various indications.

Milk thistle is a valuable widely-consumed botanical used for various health benefits which is the annual plant belonging to the Asteraceae family whose ripe seeds contain flavonoid substances. Myrrh is a sap-like substance which comes out of cuts in the bark of trees which are members of the Commiphora species. Mentha spicata is a species of mint native to Europe and South East Asia. Mint is a creeping rhizomatous and perennial herb. Combined with a nutritious diet, other traditional Chinese and Asian medicine, anise seed may improve various aspects of health.

Star anise (Illicium verum Hook. f.) is one of the most famous evergreen trees which has originally distributed in tropical and subtropic areas of Asia, especially China, and it is famous in traditional Chinese medicine as well as traditional Asian medicine. Its fruit is also a commonly used spice. Star anise is the main source of shikimic acid, the most important ingredient of the Tamiflu drug. Chinese star anise has anti-bacterial and anti-fungal characteristics, and it is useful in the treatment of diseases like asthma, bronchitis, and dry cough, it is also good for having a good sleep; it is a natural breath fresher, one of its compounds is Shikimic which is used as a drug in curing influenza and flu virus; it consists of Linalool which is good for overall health because of its anti-oxidants characters.

Pomegranate is native to Persia and Mediterranean zone which has been widely used in many countries and cultures, especially in west and center of Asia. Nutrient content of pomegranate peel are total solid, moisture, total sugars, reducing sugars, protein, crude fiber, fat content and ash. Fatty acids found in pomegranate seeds are caproic acid, punicic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, myristoleic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid and oleic acid. Chemical compounds in pomegranate peels are gallic acid, ellagic acid, punicalin, punicalagin, caffeic acid, ellagitannins, pelletierine, alkaloids, luteolin, kaempferol and quercetin. The most important potential benefits of pomegranate are antioxidant, cancer prevention, Alzheimer ,s disease protection, reduce inflammation in the gut and improve digestion, a powerful anti-inflammatory fruit, positively contributes to osteoarthritis and cartilage damage, heart-healthy juice, may lower systolic blood pressure, antiviral effects, improve learning and memory, a good source for potential fertility aid, a traditional remedy for diabetes, rich in different vitamins such as vitamin C, E, K.

Four major classes of substances that can be found in aerial parts of rue are alkaloids of quinoline, quinolinone, furoquinoline, pyranoquinoline, and acridone, flavonoids like rutin, essential oil such as 2-nonanone, 2-nonylacetate, 2-undecyl acetate, and coumarins like coumarin, dicoumarins, furanocoumarins, pyranocoumarins and coumarin-naphtochinone-compounds. Most of its aromatic and medicinal properties are from its rutin, methylnonilctone and essential oil. It has been used in folk medicines as a stimulant, abortifacient, antiseptic, antispasmodic, anthelmintic, antirheumatic, antiepileptic, and appropriate because of its pharmacological traits such as antimicrobial, antidepressant, antihyperlipedimic, antihyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-cancer, antiandrogenic, insect repellent and larvicidal.

On the basis of phytochemical advantages and pharmacological benefits, caper shows its importance as one of the most notable medicinal plant for the prevention and treatment of various diseases, however, more researches are needed on the usage of caper, especially in modern pharmaceutical science. The most important pharmacological effects of Schisandrol B are anti-allergy, liver protection, and anticarcinogenic effects; Schisandrin A has a role in liver protection and anti-carcinogenic effect; ¿-Schisandrin has liver protection and anti-carcinogenic effect, Gomisin N has anti-proliferative, pro- apoptosis HepG2 cells, anti-hepatitis, anti-HIV, anti-carcinogenic effect; and Schisandrin C has protect liver, anti-HIV, anti-carcinogenic effect and anti-hepatitis. The treatment with natural herbal medicine which are also super-fruit and non-synthetic drug is recommended.

Asparagus has been traditionally consumed as a medicinal plant for many years, especially in Asian countries. Asparagus is full of proteins, minerals, vitamins, a good source of dietary fiber and also it is known as fat-free food. Nutrition therapy according to the traditional Asian medicine is effective at treating common diseases. Pennyroyal is a Mediterranean aromatic plant, usually used in gastronomy as a spice that recently sparkled the interest of the food industry. The most important pharmaceutical benefits of pennyroyal is anti-hepatic effect, antibacterial effect, antifungal effect, antioxidant effect, acaricidal effect, hepatotoxicity effect, relaxant effects, spasmolytic effects, antimicrobial effect, antimyometrium effect, anti-steel corrosion effect and wound healing activities. Rhubarb, especially the rhizome of rheum species such as Rheum officinale, Rheum tanguticum, Rheum undulatum, and Rheum palmatum have been recognized as one of the oldest traditional medicinal plants, especially in China, Iran, India and various regions in Asia and Euro-Asia.

The world needs a paradigm change from the current view on many plants to secure both future food and nutrition. Many neglected and underutilized plants, especially medicinal and aromatic plants are nutrient-dense, appropriate for diversifying diets, provide enough vitamins and micronutrients for people, high resistant to diseases and pests, and can be adapted in many regions and of course with tremendous pharmaceutical benefits. Many of the medicinal plant species which were common in traditional medicine are still neglected and underutilized, especially in developing and under-developing countries. Lack of attention to these plants meant that their potential medicinal values is underexploited and underestimated.

Traditional medicines are considered as food items and medicine that have been used for thousands of years. They have contained active ingredients in aerial, and underground parts of plants and they contain a variety of pharmacologically active plant constituents. The most important pharmacological benefits of Anacardium occidentale are anti-bacterial activities, anti-diabetic activities, anti-diarrheal activities, anti-fungal activities, anti-hyperglycemic activities, anti-inflammatory activities, anti-microbial activities, anti-oxidant activities, anti-tumor activities, insecticidal activities and wound healing. Cashew nut is a high-potential natural functional food because of its high pharmacological activities and efficacious natural drug. Nutrition therapy on the basis of traditional medicinal science is definitely useful for treating common diseases. Pennyroyal has notable promising health benefits, and its phytochemical and pharmacological benefits indicate its importance in being utilized in modern medicinal studies.

Astragalus is a medicinal herb which has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for many years. Specifically, the root of the plant is made into many different forms of supplements, including liquid extracts, capsules, powders and teas.Chrysanthemum is famous as the Queen of the East grown mainly in China and Japan. Chrysanthemum is the second most important plants in both ornamental industry and traditional Chinese medicine. Astragali Radix, the root of Astragalus membranaceus Bunge, has been reported to exert hepatoprotective effects, anti-oxidative effects, antiviral activity, anti-oxidative effects, anti-hypertensive effects, and immunostimulant properties; it has also been reported to strengthen superficial resistance, drainage action and new tissue growth. In traditional Chinese medicine, chrysanthemum is a cold herb which helps dispel pathogenic heat, helps the liver, improves eyesight and aids detoxification. To conclude, treatment with natural Chinese herbal medicine especially chrysanthemum, non-synthetic drug is recommended for an organic life.

The most important herbal plants for the treatment of stress, anxiety and mental health problems are ginseng, herbal tea, chamomile, passionflower, saffron, lavender, rose, kava, Chinese date, cardamom, and some important formula like Sinsian, Dan-zhi-xiao-yao-san, Yokukansan, saikokaryukotsuboreito, and So-ochim-tang-gamiband. The most common medicinal plants which have been used in Asia for treatment of stress and anxiety are Dracocephalum, valerian, chamomile, common hop, Hawthorns, and Lavender. The deficiency of vitamin D is one of the most important concerns for public health in all societies and in all age groups. Vitamin D plays a primary role in bone metabolism regulation, calcium homeostasis, growth and development, muscle contractility, enhances cellular immunity by reducing the cytokine storm induced by the innate immune system and reduces the risk of viral infections. It can regulate cell proliferation and inhibits cytokines released at sites of inflammation and decreases inflammatory responses.

The most important advantages of foliar fertilization are improving plant growth and crop quality, appropriate management of plants, nutritional status, enhanced disease resistance and prompting correction of nutrient deficiencies. The current manuscript presented many examples of the potential of foliar application for medicinal and aromatic plants production systems. Observed impacts of foliar fertilization consisted of a significant increase in yield, enhancing resistance to insects, pests and diseases, improving drought tolerance and escalated crop quality, and improve plant responses in different stages of plant growth. Grain pulses also contain certain biologically active components including enzyme inhibitors, lectins, phytates, oligosaccharides, and phenolic compounds.