Bøger af U S Army Corps of Engineers

This manual provides technical background and guidance for computing basin snowmelt runoff as is necessary in the design and operation of water control projects. This manual discusses the basic theoretical principles of snow hydrology and the practical applications of this theory in forecasting and design. It summarizes several important snowmelt runoff models and offers guidelines for model selection.

Yellowstone National Park has been an important part of our natural heritage for more than a century; even so, some of the men who preserved this great work of nature for the enjoyment of mankind have yet to receive full recognition. Members of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers were among the first to explore the park area and to urge that it be set aside and protected. Engineers were also responsible for designing, building, and maintaining the system of scenic roads which opened the wonders of Yellowstone to the public.In Enchanted Enclosure, Dr. Baldwin has brought together for the first time original reports which tell the story ---often a dramatic one--- of the dedicated service of the Engineers to the cause of conservation. His book should appeal to the general reader as well as to the specialist.William C. Gribble, Jr.Lieutenant General, USAChief of Engineers

The Corps of Engineers played an important part in winning World War II. Its work included building and repairing roads, bridges, and airfields; laying and clearing minefields; establishing and destroying obstacles; constructing training camps and other support facilities; building the Pentagon; and providing facilities for the development of the atomic bomb. In addition to their construction work, engineers engaged in combat with the enemy in the Battle of the Bulge, on the Ledo Road in Burma, in the mountains of Italy, and at numerous other locations. Certainly one of the highlights of Corps activity during World War II was the construction of the 1,685-mile Alaska Highway, carved out of the Canadian and Alaskan wilderness. Builders and Fighters is a series of essays on some of the hectic engineer activity during World War II. Veterans of that war should read this book and point with pride to their accomplishments. In it, today's engineers will find further reasons to be proud of their heritage.H. J. HatchLieutenant General, USAChief of Engineers

This manual was prepared by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and provides technical criteria and guidance for the planning, design, and construction of tunnels and shafts in rock for civil works projects. Specific areas covered include geological and geotechnical explorations required, construction of tunnels and shafts, design considerations, geomechanical analysis, design of linings, and instrumentation and monitoring. The manual emphasizes design, construction and an understanding of the methods, and conditions of construction essential to the preparation of good designs.

The role of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in opening the West is not as well known as the Corps' work on nationwide flood control and navigation projects. Yet, in the 19th century the surveys, explorations, scientific studies, and reports of Army engineer and topographical officers were major contributions to our understanding of the undeveloped arid regions of the United States. The following report illustrates the skill and dedication of these soldiers. The Board of Commissioners that explored the interior valleys of California was composed of two Army engineer officers and one civilian scientist for the Coast Survey. Their report, published in 1874, was the first federal irrigation survey. It still has value for its detailed information on central California and on irrigation practice in the American West and, indeed, around the world. The introductory essay puts the report into its historical setting and provides a wealth of information about both the survey and the political and economic forces that dominated California over a hundred years ago. I trust the report and the essay will be of interest to all those interested in the development of the West. Robert W. Page Assistant Secretary of the Army (Civil Works)

This manual summarizes research and field experience gained in the area of environmental engineering for coastal shore protection. It addresses both natural and human induced changes in the coastal zone; the structural and nonstructural measures that coastal engineers employ against these changes; and the desirable and adverse impacts of the measures. Selection of the best environmental and engineering solution to a specific coastal problem requires a systematic and thorough study because of the complexity of coastal projects and the diversity of coastal environments. The prerequisites to such a study are a clear definition of the problem and cause of the problem and then a comprehensive review of potential solutions (alternatives). This manual addresses both natural and human-induced changes in the coastal zone; the structural and nonstructural measures that coastal engineers employ against these changes; and the beneficial and adverse impacts of these measures. Immediate and long-term impacts in the project area, as well as adjacent environments, are summarized. In addition, this manual emphasizes potential steps for obtaining desirable results and reducing adverse impacts. The manual focuses primarily on shore protection, i.e., coastal projects designed to stabilize the shore against erosion related principally to current and wave action: however, the material is also applicable to harbor and navigation channel improvements. The manual applies to both the Great Lakes and the coastal marine systems. It identifies the principal environmental factors that should be considered in design and construction and provides techniques for attaining environmental quality objectives. Proper techniques for collection, analysis, and interpretation of environmental data to use in planning and engineering are outlined.

The purpose of this manual is to provide technical criteria and guidance for the planning and design of concrete gravity dams for civil works projects. This manual presents analysis and design guidance for concrete gravity dams. Conventional concrete and roller compacted concrete are both addressed. Curved gravity dams designed for arch action and other types of concrete gravity dams are not covered in this manual.Basically, gravity dams are solid concrete structures that maintain their stability against design loads from the geometric shape and the mass and strength of the concrete. Generally, they are constructed on a straight axis, but may be slightly curved or angled to accommodate the specific site conditions. Gravity dams typically consist of a nonoverflow section(s) and an overflow section or spillway.

CONTENTSChapter 1. Introduction Purpose and Scope Applicability References Changes General Considerations TerminologyChapter 2. Purposes and Limitations of Grouting Purposes Limitations Selection of Methods ofChapter 3. Geologic Considerations for Investigation and Design Rock Types Structural Geology Geohydrology Investigation Methods Test GroutingChapter 4. Planning and Procedures Considerations Planning Considerations Quality Management Grout Hole Drilling Types of Treatment Grouting Methods Foundation DrainageChapter 5. Grout Materials Grout Materials Portland Cement Grout Mixtures Special Cements and Mixtures Mixture Adjustments Chemical Grouts Asphalt Grouts Clay GroutsChapter 6. Equipment Introduction Drilling and Grouting Equipment Special Monitoring EquipmentChapter 7. Application to Water Retention Structures Concrete Dams Earth and Rockfill DamsChapter 8. Application to Tunnels, Shafts, and Chambers General Applications Purposes of Grouting ApplicationsChapter 9. Application to Navigation Structures General Foundation Treatment Repairs Grout Curtain Through the Lock AreaChapter 10. Application to Building Foundations General Pregrouting Investigation Soil Stabilization Rock FoundationsChapter 11. Precision and Specialty Grouting General Statement Scope ApplicationsChapter 12. Performance of Work General Considerations Contracts Hired LaborChapter 13. Field Procedures General Considerations Drilling Operation Grouting Operations Completion of GroutingChapter 14. Methods of Estimating General Considerations Test Grouting Grouting Records Evaluation of Exploration Borings "Unit Take" Estimates Bid ItemsChapter 15. Records and Reports General RecordsAppendix A. References and Bibliography References BibliographyAppendix B. Example: Field Procedure for Clarence Cannon DanAppendix C. Pressure Computation SamplesAppendix D. Physical Characteristics of Sanded Grouts

The manual provides a general overview of groundwater principles. Practical discussions are provided for planning groundwater investigations and modeling of groundwater flow. Additionally, a section on surface water and groundwater interaction is included. To enhance understanding of concepts, examples are provided throughout the manual.This manual initially presents an overview of the occurrence and movement of groundwater. Procedures for planning and managing a site characterization and modeling study are then presented. This is followed by chapters addressing the technical aspects of field investigative methods and computer modeling. A final chapter discussing the interaction of groundwater and surface water is then presented. Appendices are included that contain detailed references, definitions, and additional supporting information.

This book provides practical guidance for the design of liquid and vapor phase devices for the adsorption of organic chemicals. The adsorptive media addressed include granular activated carbon (GAC) and other alternative adsorption carbon media, such as powdered activated carbon (PAC) and non-carbon adsorbents. Adsorption Design Guide addresses various adsorption media types, applicability, use of various adsorption process technologies, equipment and ancillary component design, availability, advantages, disadvantages, regeneration methods, costs, and safety considerations. The equipment can be installed alone or as part of an overall treatment train, based on site-specific factors. Carbon, in various forms, has been used to adsorb contaminants for some time. The first documented use of carbon as an adsorbent was for medical purposes, in the form of wood char in 1550 B.C. The first documented use for water treatment was in 200 B.C. "to remove disagreeable tastes." In 1785 experimental chemists learned that carbon could accumulate unwanted contaminants from water. Carbon in the activated form was first used as a filter medium in the late 1800s. The understanding of carbon adsorption progressed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, when vapor phase organic carbon was developed and given its first widespread use as a defense against gas warfare during WWI. The first GAC filters used for water treatment were installed in Europe in 1929. The first GAC filters for water treatment in the United States were installed in Bay City, Michigan, in 1930. In the 1940s, GAC was found to be an efficient purification and separation technology for the synthetic chemical industry. By the late 1960s and early 1970s, GAC was found to be very effective at removing a broad spectrum of synthetic chemicals from water and gases (i.e., from the vapor phase).

This manual presents the techniques and procedures that are used to investigate and resolve river engineering and analysis issues and the associated data requirements. It also provides guidance for the selection of appropriate methods to be used for planning and conducting the studies. Documented herein are past experiences that provide valuable information for detecting and avoiding problems in planning, performing, and reporting future studies. The resolution of river hydraulics issues always requires prediction of one or more flow parameters; be it stage (i.e., water surface elevation), velocity, or rate of sediment transport. This manual presents pragmatic methods for obtaining data and performing the necessary computations; it also provides guidance for determining the components of various types of studies.

All hydraulic projects subjected to freezing temperatures have ice problems, such as: ice buildup on lock walls, hydropower intakes, and lock approaches; ice accumulation in navigation channels; ice passage over spillways that scours the downstream channels; and ice damage to shore structures and shorelines, etc. Therefore, ice control measures should be considered for both new and existing projects to improve operations and safety in cold regions. In Part I, this manual contains a discussion of ice formation processes, physical properties, and potential solutions to associated problems. Part II considers the problem of ice jams and ice jam flooding, and discusses a broad range of mitigation measures. Part III of this manual addresses the considerations that arise from winter navigation on inland waterways, including the conduct of river ice management studies and the preparation of river ice management plans.

The purpose of this book is to provide guidance on ground improvement for civil works and military programs projects. It contains an up-to-date overview of ground improvement techniques and related considerations. It addresses general evaluation of site and soil conditions, selection of improvement methods, preliminary cost estimating, design, construction, and performance evaluation for ground improvement. This book should be used as a resource during planning, design, and construction for new projects as well as a reference to guide more detailed design efforts for modification of existing projects.Ground improvement is the modification of existing site foundation soils or project earth structures to provide better performance under design and/or operational loading conditions. Ground improvement techniques are used increasingly for new projects to allow utilization of sites with poor subsurface conditions and to allow design and construction of needed projects despite poor subsurface conditions which formerly would have rendered the project economically unjustifiable or technically not feasible. More importantly, such techniques are used to permit continued safe and efficient operation of existing projects when major deficiencies become evident or where existing projects are likely to be subjected to loads greater than original design or as-built capabilities.

This manual provides (a) guidance on the design and construction of conduits, culverts, and pipes, and (b) design procedures for trench/embankment earth loadings, highway loadings, railroad loadings, surface concentrated loadings, and internal/external fluid pressures.Reinforced concrete conduits and pipes are used for dams, urban levees, and other levees where public safety is at risk or substantial property damage could occur. Corrugated metal pipes are acceptable through agricultural levees where conduits are 900-mm (36-in.) diameter and where levee embankments are not higher than 4 m (12 ft) above the conduit invert. Inlet structures, intake towers, gate wells, and outlet structures should be concrete, or corrugated metal structures may be used in agricultural and rural levees. Life cycle cost studies are required where corrugated metal pipes are used.

This manual provides information of interest to planners and designers of small water systems. Such systems generally cannot benefit from economies of scale, and proper management and operation are critical to produce satisfactory finished water quality. Therefore, the major emphasis of the manual is on the design of systems that will be effective and reliable, but that require a level of operation and management activity commensurate with their physical size and the available resources. To this end, consideration is given in subsequent chapters to preliminary planning, source selection and development, water quality and quantity requirements, treatment, pumping, storage, and distribution. Throughout the manual an effort is made to focus on requirements and standards, key design elements, and generalized alternative design methods and their applicability. This manual provides guidance and criteria for the design of small water supply, treatment, and distribution systems. For the purpose of this manual, small water systems shall be those having average daily design flow rates of 380,000 liters per day (100,000 gallons per day) or less.

The purpose of this manual is to present basic principles used in the design and construction of earth levees. The term levee as used herein is defined as an embankment whose primary purpose is to furnish flood protection from seasonal high water and which is therefore subject to water loading for periods of only a few days or weeks a year. Embankments that are subject to water loading for prolonged periods (longer than normal flood protection requirements) or permanently should be designed in accordance with earth dam criteria rather than the levee criteria given herein.Even though levees are similar to small earth dams they differ from earth dams in the following important respects: (a) a levee embankment may become saturated for only a short period of time beyond the limit of capillary saturation, (b) levee alignment is dictated primarily by flood protection requirements, which often results in construction on poor foundations, and (c) borrow is generally obtained from shallow pits or from channels excavated adjacent to the levee, which produce fill material that is often heterogeneous and far from ideal. Selection of the levee section is often based on the properties of the poorest material that must be used.

This manual provides guidance on evaluating the condition of the concrete in a structure, relating the condition of the concrete to the underlying cause or causes of that condition, selecting an appropriate repair material and method for any deficiency found, and using the selected materials and methods to repair or rehabilitate the structure. Guidance is also included on maintenance of concrete and on preparation of concrete investigation reports for repair and rehabilitation projects. Considerations for certain specialized types of rehabilitation projects are also given.

This manual provides information, foundation exploration and testing procedures, load test methods, analysis techniques, allowable criteria, design procedures, and construction consideration for the selection, design, and installation of pile foundations. The guidance is based on the present state of the technology for pile-soil-structure-foundation interaction behavior. This manual provides design guidance intended specifically for the geotechnical and structural engineer but also provides essential information for others interested in pile foundations such as the construction engineer in understanding construction techniques related to pile behavior during installation. Since the understanding of the physical causes of pile foundation behavior is actively expanding by better definition through ongoing research, prototype, model pile, and pile group testing and development of more refined analytical models, this manual is intended to provide examples and procedures of what has been proven successful. This is not the last nor final word on the state of the art for this technology. We expect, as further practical design and installation procedures are developed from the expansion of this technology, that these updates will be issued as changes to this manual.

The primary purpose of this manual is to provide practical guidance for removal of underground storage tanks. The manual addresses site evaluation, monitoring, testing, removal, and site restoration. A secondary purpose is to provide information relative to remediation of contaminated soil and groundwater.

This manual describes available or preferred procedures or concepts of drilling and blasting conducted during rock excavation, in order to aid design and construction personnel in related matters. The manual is designed principally for the use of geologists and engineers who are given responsibilities in drilling and blasting projects. Such responsibilities may come either in the design or the construction phase.Contents:IntroductionMechanics of BlastingExplosives and their PropertiesDrillingBasic Surface Blasting TechniquesModifying Blasting Techniques to Fit Geological ConditionsDamage Prediction and ControlDrilling and Blasting in Rock Excavation by Contract

The purpose of this manual is to provide guidelines for calculation of the bearing capacity of soil under shallow and deep foundations supporting various types of structures and embankments. This manual is intended as a guide for determining allowable and ultimate bearing capacity. It is not intended to replace the judgment of the design engineer on a particular project.Principles for evaluating bearing capacity presented in this manual are applicable to numerous types of structures such as buildings and houses, towers and storage tanks, fills, embankments and dams. These guidelines may be helpful in determining soils that will lead to bearing capacity failure or excessive settlements for given foundations and loads.