Bøger af Stephen P. Kershaw

The year 2022 marks 2,500 years since Athens, the birthplace of democracy, fought off the mighty Persian Empire. This is the story of the three epic battles-Marathon, Thermopylae and Salamis-that saved democracy, forever altering the history of Europe and the West.In 2022 it will be 2,500 years since the final defeat of the invasion of Greece by Xerxes, the Persian king. This astonishing clash between East and West still has resonances in modern history-and has left us with tales of heroic resistance in the face of seemingly hopeless odds. The Harvest of War makes use of recent archaeological and geological discoveries in this thrilling and timely retelling of the story, originally told by Herodotus, the Father of History. In 499 BC, when the rich, sophisticated Greek communities of Ionia on the western coast of modern Turkey rebel from their Persian overlord Darius I, Athens sends ships to help them. Darius crushes the Greeks in a huge sea battle near Miletus and then invades Greece. Standing alone against the powerful Persian army, the soldiers of Athens' newly democratic state-a system which they have invented-unexpectedly repel Darius's forces on the planes of Marathon. After their victory, the Athenians strike a rich vein of silver in their state-owned mining district, and decide to spend the windfall on building a fleet of state-of-the-art warships. Persia wants revenge. The next Persian king, Xerxes, assembles a vast multinational force, constructs a bridge of boats across the Hellespont, digs a canal through the Mount Athos peninsula, and bears down on Greece. Trusting in their "wooden walls," the Athenians station their ships at Artemisium, where they and the weather prevent the Persians landing forces in the rear of the land forces under the Spartan King Leonidas at the nearby pass of Thermopylae. Xerxes's assault is a disastrous failure, until a traitor shows him a mountain track that leads behind the Greeks. Leonidas dismisses the Greek troops, but remains in the pass with his 300 Spartan warriors where they are overwhelmed in an heroic last stand. Athens is sacked by the Persians. Democracy is hanging by a thread. But the Athenians convince the Greek allies to fight on in the narrow waters by the island of Salamis. Despite the heroism of the Persian female commander Artemisia, the Persian fleet is destroyed. The Harvest of War concludes by exploring the ideas that the decisive battles of Marathon, Thermopylae, and Salamis mark the beginnings of Western civilization itself-and that Greece became the bulwark of the West-representing the values of peace, freedom, and democracy in a region historically ravaged by instability and war.

'And now what will become of us without barbarians?Those people were a sort of solution.''Waiting for the Barbarians'C. P. CavafyHistory is written by the victors, and Rome had some very eloquent historians. Those the Romansregarded as barbarians left few records of their own, but they had a tremendous impact on the Roman imagination. Resisting from outside Rome's borders or rebelling from within, they emerge vividly in Rome's historical tradition, and left a significant footprint in archaeology.Rome's history, as written by the Romans, follows a remarkable trajectory from its origins as a tinyvillage of refugees from a conflict zone to a dominant superpower, before being transformed into the medieval and Byzantine worlds. But throughout this history, Rome faced significant resistance and rebellion from peoples whom it regarded as barbarians.Gibbon saw the Roman Empire as one of the highest points of human achievement destroyed bybarbarian invaders. But this 'decline and fall' has been reappraised by some as transformation, through religious and cultural revolution.Based both on ancient historical writings and modern archaeological research, this new history takes a fresh look at the Roman Empire through the personalities and lives of key opponents of Rome's rise, dominance and fall - or transformation. These include, among many others: Brennus,the Gaul who sacked Rome; the Plebs, those barbarous insiders and internal resistors; Viriathus,the Iberian shepherd and skilled guerilla; and Boudicca, the Queen of the Iceni and the scourge ofRome.

A new look at the rise and fall of the greatest empire the world has ever known.