Bøger af Shahide Dehghan

L'urbanisme est un processus qui conduit à la formation physique de différents contextes urbains et ruraux. L'aménagement urbain, avec une approche structurante, crée de nombreux lieux. Ce processus comprend la conception de bâtiments, d'espaces et de paysages, et déclenche finalement un flux qui favorise le développement urbain. Il traite de l'urbanisme, de l'architecture et de l'aménagement paysager, de l'ingénierie technique, de l'ingénierie de la circulation et des transports, de la psychologie, de la sociologie et de l'économie, tout en étant lié à la politique et à la culture. Nous voyons donc que le champ de son activité est très large. Si nous acceptons l'affirmation de Manuel Castell selon laquelle la planification est la même chose que la politique, il est peut-être préférable de définir le domaine de l'activité urbaine. Selon Jeff Lloyd, l'urbanisme est le lien entre l'architecture, l'architecture paysagère et l'ingénierie au sens large, d'une part, et la planification, en particulier la planification urbaine, d'autre part. Cette théorie est toujours d'actualité. Dans les définitions ci-dessus, nous recherchons l'essence et le concept de l'urbanisme, quelque chose d'utile dans les conditions de notre société. L'urbanisme n'est pas une activité nouvelle.

Urban design is a process that leads to the physical formation of different urban and rural contexts. Urban design with a structuralize approach creates many places. This process includes the design of buildings, spaces, and landscapes, and finally starts a flow that helps urban development. It deals with urban planning, architecture and landscaping, technical engineering, traffic and transportation engineering, psychology, sociology, and economics, and at the same time, it also connects with politics and culture. So we see that the scope of his activity is very wide. If we accept Manuel Castell's statement that planning is the same as politics, perhaps it is better to define the field of urban activity. According to Jeff Lloyd, urban design is the connecting link of architecture, landscape architecture, and engineering in a broad way and planning, especially urban planning. This theory is still valid today. In the above definitions, we are looking for the essence and concept of urban design, something that is useful in the conditions of our society. Urban design is not a new activity.

As águas subterrâneas são a principal fonte de abastecimento de água nas regiões áridas e semi-áridas. Nestas zonas, as águas subterrâneas estão expostas a vários tipos de poluição, como a poluição por esgotos, a utilização de fertilizantes químicos e animais e a poluição por esgotos industriais. Nestas zonas, a identificação das águas poluídas e a sua gestão, bem como a prevenção do seu agravamento, revestem-se de grande importância. A gestão dessas águas gera conflitos entre a sociedade, centros científicos e governos. Deve ser feita escolhendo a melhor opção entre as opções disponíveis em vez de escolher a melhor solução. O uso da matemática na realização de projectos em que estão envolvidos parâmetros qualitativos ou de qualidade faz com que os investigadores tenham uma visão mais ampla e clara dos temas. Por conseguinte, a lógica difusa tem sido altamente considerada para a tomada de decisões e também para a categorização de parâmetros qualitativos. O sistema difuso pode ser implementado utilizando o software Matlab. A complexidade e a ambiguidade no exame da desejabilidade da qualidade da água subterrânea podem ser corretamente analisadas pelo método difuso. O método Mamdani é utilizado neste livro; este método tem 4 passos básicos.

Fuzzy logic is a revision of the scientific reasoning method based on the real pattern of human thought. This way of thinking was first proposed as vagueness theory by Max Black. Lotf Ali Asgarzadeh proposed fuzzy logic in 1965 based on the studies of Max Black. Fuzzy logic is opposed to Aristotelian binary logic. Fuzzy logic, which is defined in the dictionary as the condition of uncertainty and uncertainty, believes that ambiguity is the nature of science that humans do not need accurate information inputs, but are able to perform adaptive control between available information. Therefore, this logic was initially introduced as a method for processing information and unlike Aristotelian logic, instead of dealing with zero and one, it examines and analyzes from zero to one and implies the concept of relative correctness. In this way, it is closer to people's actions and ways of thinking. Fuzzy put Fuzzy on these dumb sets or multi-valued logic. Sets whose components belong to them with different degrees. Such as people who express their level of satisfaction with the work group with different degrees of very satisfied, satisfied, indifferent, etc.

Analytical solutions are usually not available for most geotechnical problems, especially those related to people's daily lives. For applied and research problems, numerical methods and computer programs are needed for both. During the past forty years, many numerical methods have been developed and perfected for various types of engineering problems. Today, engineers are well adapted to use various computer programs to provide solutions to engineering problems. However, there are major problems in recent engineering works, and that is, most engineers are not familiar with the basics of numerical methods, methods of applying them, and the limitations of numerical methods/computer programs. In fact, to a certain extent, the way numerical methods are used and their limitations are related. In many studies using different commercial numerical software, in some cases, the researchers get completely different results with different software or with the same software but different settings for a specific problem, and this is a very common case.

Groundwater is the main source of water supply in arid and semi-arid regions. The underground water in these areas is exposed to various types of pollution, such as sewage pollution, use of chemical and animal fertilizers, and industrial sewage pollution. In these areas, identifying polluted waters and managing them, as well as preventing them from becoming more polluted, are of great importance. The management of these waters causes conflicts between society, scientific centers and governments. It should be done by choosing the best option among the available options rather than choosing the best solution. The use of mathematics in carrying out projects in which quality or qualitative parameters are involved makes researchers have a broader and clearer view of the topics. Therefore, fuzzy logic has been highly regarded for decision-making and also for categorizing qualitative parameters. Fuzzy system can be implemented using Matlab software. Complexity and ambiguity in examining the desirability of underground water quality can be properly analyzed by the fuzzy method. Mamdani method is used in this book; this method has 4 basic steps.

Due to the importance of economic issues in engineering and design works, the issue of cost should be taken into consideration in the plans and implementation of construction and operation operations. In the last 50 years, the development of hardware facilities and numerical methods have made it possible to simulate the hydraulic behavior of the network even for very large networks, while the problem of determining the optimal design even for small networks remains remained. Considering that the water distribution network optimization problem is inherently a non-linear problem with a large number of discrete variables, recent research has focused on stochastic methods. Therefore, genetic algorithm was used in this research. The design of urban water transmission networks is always designed based on the minimum allowable pressure. In this research, the pressure exceeding the permissible limit is also considered as a design criterion. Although adding this parameter as a design criterion leads to a more expensive network, it leads to a longer useful life of the network. The optimization of the water distribution network using genetic algorithm (GA) technique with the design.

Forecasts of future events are required in many of the activities associated with the planning and operation of the components of a water resource system. For the hydrologic component, there is a need for both short and long-term forecasts of hydrologic time series in order to optimize the system or to plan for future expansion or reduction. This presents the comparison of different artificial neural network (ANN) techniques in short-term continuous and intermittent daily streamflow forecasting and daily suspended sediment forecasting. Three different ANN techniques, namely, feed forward back propagation (FFBP), generalized regression neural networks (GRNN) and radial basis function-based neural networks (RBF) are applied to the hydrologic data. In general, the forecasting performance of ANN techniques is found to be superior to the other conventional statistical and stochastic methods in terms of the selected performance criteria.

In recent years, artificial neural networks (ANN) and artificial intelligence (AI), in general, have garnered significant attention with respect to their applications in several scientific fields, varying from big data management to medical diagnosis. ANN techniques are already used in everyday applications, such as personalized advertisements, virtual assistants, autonomous driving, etc. The start of regeneration breakthroughs in ANNs can be traced back to the year 2005 and can be attributed to the development of novel learning architectures such as convolutional neural networks (CNN) and deep belief networks (DBN), with significant progress having been achieved so far and new methodologies having been proposed, such as generative adversarial networks (GAN). At present, ANN-based models are widely used in several forms of engineering applications.

In recent decades, with the acceleration of urbanization and rapid economic development, research on underground space development and utilization, ground improvement, disaster prevention and control in engineering geology, environmental geotechnical engineering, and other fields is increasing. With the advance of computer technology and the progress of computing power, numerical simulation methods have become an indispensable means to solve geotechnical engineering problems. Most of the numerical methods used in geotechnical engineering are the finite difference method (FDM), finite element method (FEM), boundary element method (BEM), discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA) method, discrete element method (DEM), particle flow method (PFM), etc.

Underground water sources are one of the most important sources of water supply, so their modeling is important. In the meantime, studying and investigating the fluctuations of the underground water level in terms of management studies, creating engineering structures, agricultural uses and obtaining high quality underground water is of great importance. Most of the demand for drinking and agricultural water in Mashgin Shahr plain is also supplied through underground water. Four artificial intelligence models, including forward neural network, backward neural network, Sagno fuzzy logic and support vector machine were used to predict the groundwater level.

The objective of this book is to provide students with fundamental knowledge of finite element analysis and how to apply this knowledge to the solution of civil engineering problems at intermediate and advanced levels. At the end of this unit, students should acquire knowledge of methods of formulating finite element equations, basic element types, the use of finite element methods for solving problems in structural, geotechnical and continuum analysis and the use of finite element software packages. The syllabus comprises introduction to finite element theory, analysis of bars, beams and columns, and assemblages of these structural elements; analysis of elastic continua; problems of plane strain, plane stress and axial symmetry; use, testing and validation of finite element software packages; and extensions to apply this knowledge to problems encountered in engineering practice. On completion of this unit, students will have gained the following knowledge and skills: Knowledge of methods of formulating finite element equations. This will provide students with an insight into the principles at the basis of the FE elements available in commercial FE software.

Today, insurance companies, as a financial service institution, along with banks and other credit institutions, play a significant role in the economic development process of countries by creating economic-social security and creating a suitable platform for investment. In addition to the fact that insurance companies play a significant role in creating economic security and investment development for companies, they also invest according to the nature of their activities.

It addresses topics including decision-making principles, planning and scheduling, mathematical forecasting models, optimization techniques programming and artificial intelligence techniques. Providing a valuable resource for anyone managing multiple projects in the construction industry, this book is intended for civil and construction engineering students, project managers, construction managers, students of all sciences related to geography, civil engineering, environmental impact assessment, Biotechnology, GIS, Remote Sensing, Constructions and Senior Engineers.

A dam is a barrier that stops or restricts the flow of surface water or underground streams. Reservoirs created by dams not only suppress floods but also provide water for activities such as irrigation, human consumption, industrial use, aquaculture, and navigability. Hydropower is often used in conjunction with dams to generate electricity. A dam can also be used to collect or store water which can be evenly distributed between locations. Dams generally serve the primary purpose of retaining water, while other structures such as floodgates or levees (also known as dikes) are used to manage or prevent water flow into specific land regions. The earliest known dam is the Jawa Dam in Jordan, dating to 3,000 BC.

How can a holistic approach to worker well-being assist in improving the safety and health of workers?Total Worker Health is defined as policies, programs, and practices that integrate protection from work-related safety and health hazards with promotion of injury and illness-prevention efforts to advance worker well-being. The Total Worker Health (TWH) approach seeks to improve the well-being of the U.S. workforce by protecting their safety and enhancing their health and productivity. Using TWH strategies benefits workers, employers, and the community.

A strong wall dam that is created in order to control or change the direction of water across the valley or between two mountains and along the river. Increasing the height of the water by creating a dam can only be for the purpose of controlling or changing the direction of the river water, or storing water behind the dam for agriculture, irrigation and water supply, or even the production of electric energy was the main purpose of creating the dam. "Band" is a strong wall that is created in order to contain or change the direction of water across the valley or between two mountains and along the river. Increasing the height of the water by creating a dam can only be for the purpose of controlling or changing the direction of the river water, or storing water behind the dam for agriculture, irrigation and water supply, or even generating electric energy. Gathered behind a dam, it can bring a huge force to the dam. In the design of dams, the main static problem is to overcome this force and reach stable conditions that can be maintained continuously by draining or dewatering the dam.

Water engineering and hydraulic structures is a completely innovative trend that can only be found in the Netherlands. Because one of the challenges ahead for the Dutch statesmen is to maintain the territorial integrity of the country in the face of rising sea levels.It is active in the field of analysis and design of structures that somehow deal with water and are used in hydraulic buildings. In fact, this trend is a combination of structure and water trends. This trend is also related to the topics raised in both environmental engineering and health. Of course, as mentioned, the emphasis of this trend is on the design and calculation of water-related structures, and hydrological studies are not much within the scope of this trend. If we want to honestly comment on this trend, we must say that water engineering and hydraulic structures is a completely innovative trend that can only be found in the Netherlands; Because one of the challenges ahead for the Dutch statesmen is to maintain the country's territorial integrity in the face of rising sea levels; However, the necessity of this trend in Iran is clearly evident due to the population growth.

A water distribution system is a complex assembly of hydraulic control elements connected together to convey quantities of water from sources to consumers. The typical high number of constraints and decision variables, the nonlinearity, and the non-smoothness of the head¿flow¿water quality governing equations are inherent to water supply systems planning and management problems. Traditional methods for solving water distribution systems management problems, such as the least cost design and operation problem, utilized linear/nonlinear optimization schemes which were limited by the system size, the number of constraints, and the number of loading conditions. More recent methodologies employ heuristic optimization techniques, such as genetic algorithms or ant colony optimization as stand alone or hybrid data driven¿heuristic schemes. This book chapter reviews some of the more traditional water distribution systems problem algorithms and solution methodologies. It is comprised of sub sections on least cost and multi-objective optimal design of water networks, reliability incorporation in water supply systems design, optimal operation of water networks.