Bøger af Sameer Makkar

Subgingival caries are the caries whose margins are located subgingivally be it from buccal, palatal/lingual or proximal surface i.e., below the gingival margin. The impact of subgingival caries is bidirectional on the tooth surface as well as on the periodontal tissues, increasing the negative impact on the patient's overall oral health status. There is a paucity in the organised literature regarding the subgingival caries and its management. Hence, this dissertation attempts to concise & put forward the concept of Subgingival Caries & its Management for the clinicians of various specialities. Thus, enabling a better treatment approach whenever encountered with such tricky and complicated clinical situation.

In modern dentistry, the worldwide use of resin-based composites continues to increase, and in some countries has entirely replaced mercury amalgams. The use of direct polymer-based restorative materials has changed the way dentistry is performed and perceived. Initially, resin based composites were chemically activated, then, light- activated systems were introduced. The present project is aimed at describing different polymerization lamps and curing modes so that the clinician can efficiently use them for curing and curing should not be these five words for them ¿and then you light cure¿. A better understanding of this complex subject is essential to maximize the light output without suffering from any health hazard.

Restorations are placed and replaced to restore the anatomical form of teeth. With the increasing availability of new dental materials, choice of material for restoration is an important part of a dentist¿s decision making process. The replacement of lost teeth is desired for two primary reasons: esthetics and restoration of function (partial or complete). The ability of the dentist to accomplish the desired results has been limited by certain basic factors. One is the availability of suitable materials for the construction of the restorative appliance; another is the development and control of a suitable technical procedure for using the materials that are available. This search for the correct materials, and for a method of manipulation or applied techniques, ¿¿has continued from the beginning of dental art to the present.Factors recognized as important in the selection of restorative materials include size and location of the prepared cavities and physical properties of the materials. apart from these a number of other factors play a role in selection. This literature aims to help one select an appropriate restorative material for patient in question.

The ultimate test of an esthetically pleasing restoration is the achievement of a natural visual appearance and function. In this regard, varying perception by each individual is a persistent dilemma. Control and understanding of the composition of colors is critical when attempting to alter a shade. There are several factors that can influence a dental professional¿s color assessment. It is difficult for a dental practitioner to read color perfectly and no dental operatory is free from problems. A thorough understanding of the potential factors affecting color perception allows the dental professional to compensate for them as required to achieve the most accurate shade match possible. In today¿s era, digital systems provide restorative dentists with a distinct advantage in creating highly esthetic natural looking restorations but the current predominant disadvantage of these systems is cost, which might detract from their widespread appeal. In addition, in the future, technology based shade matching systems may be used to standardize the fabrication of ceramics, composite materials, thereby solving some of the current problems caused by inconsistencies in the materials.

The best plan for success is to begin with the end in mind. Before initiating treatment, the practitioner should carefully examine the tooth for caries and fracture. The tooth should be assessed for restorability, occlusal function, and periodontal health. If these factors are deemed satisfactory, the tooth can be included in comprehensive treatment plan. Currently, coronal leakage is thought to be as important as apical leakage and has a significant effect on the outcome of endodontic treatment. Therefore, immediate restoration after root canal treatment is recommended. Postponing restoration for extended periods of time to be certain of endodontic success is unnecessary and could place the tooth at risk. The treatment success relies on an effective coronal seal that will prevent canal reinfection and an adequate restoration will resist functional stresses applied to the remaining tooth structure. Endodontic success also depends on quality of root canal treatment and timely construction of post endodontic restoration.