Bøger af S. Lang

Volume II.- 10 Measures and Iwasawa Power Series.- 1. Iwasawa Invariants for Measures.- 2. Application to the Bernoulli Distributions.- 3. Class Numbers as Products of Bernoulli Numbers.- Appendix by L. Washington: Probabilities.- 4. Divisibility by l Prime to p: Washington's Theorem.- 11 The Ferrero-Washington Theorems.- 1. Basic Lemma and Applications.- 2. Equidistribution and Normal Families.- 3. An Approximation Lemma.- 4. Proof of the Basic Lemma.- 12 Measures in the Composite Case.- 1. Measures and Power Series in the Composite Case.- 2. The Associated Analytic Function on the Formal Multiplicative Group.- 3. Computation of Lp(l, x) in the Composite Case.- 13 Divisibility of Ideal Class Numbers.- 1. Iwasawa Invariants in Zp-extensions.- 2. CM Fields, Real Subfields, and Rank Inequalities.- 3. The l-primary Part in an Extension of Degree Prime to l.- 4. A Relation between Certain Invariants in a Cyclic Extension.- 5. Examples of Iwasawa.- 6. A Lemma of Kummer.- 14 p-adic Preliminaries.- 1. The p-adic Gamma Function.- 2. The Artin-Hasse Power Series.- 3. Analytic Representation of Roots of Unity.- Appendix: Barsky's Existence Proof for the p-adic Gamma Function.- 15 The Gamma Function and Gauss Sums.- 1. The Basic Spaces.- 2. The Frobenius Endomorphism.- 3. The Dwork Trace Formula and Gauss Sums.- 4. Eigenvalues of the Frobenius Endomorphism and the p-adic Gamma Function.- 5. p-adic Banach Spaces.- 16 Gauss Sums and the Artin-Schreier Curve.- 1. Power Series with Growth Conditions.- 2. The Artin-Schreier Equation.- 3. Washnitzer-Monsky Cohomology.- 4. The Frobenius Endomorphism.- 17 Gauss Sums as Distributions.- 1. The Universal Distribution.- 2. The Gauss Sums as Universal Distributions.- 3. The L-function at s = 0.- 4. The p-adic Partial Zeta Function.

Kummer's work on cyclotomic fields paved the way for the development of algebraic number theory in general by Dedekind, Weber, Hensel, Hilbert, Takagi, Artin and others. However, the success of this general theory has tended to obscure special facts proved by Kummer about cyclotomic fields which lie deeper than the general theory. For a long period in the 20th century this aspect of Kummer's work seems to have been largely forgotten, except for a few papers, among which are those by Pollaczek [Po], Artin-Hasse [A-H] and Vandiver [Va]. In the mid 1950's, the theory of cyclotomic fields was taken up again by Iwasawa and Leopoldt. Iwasawa viewed cyclotomic fields as being analogues for number fields of the constant field extensions of algebraic geometry, and wrote a great sequence of papers investigating towers of cyclotomic fields, and more generally, Galois extensions of number fields whose Galois group is isomorphic to the additive group of p-adic integers. Leopoldt concentrated on a fixed cyclotomic field, and established various p-adic analogues of the classical complex analytic class number formulas. In particular, this led him to introduce, with Kubota, p-adic analogues of the complex L-functions attached to cyclotomic extensions of the rationals. Finally, in the late 1960's, Iwasawa [Iw 1 I] . made the fundamental discovery that there was a close connection between his work on towers of cyclotomic fields and these p-adic L-functions of Leopoldt-Kubota.

Diophantine problems represent some of the strongest aesthetic attractions to algebraic geometry. They consist in giving criteria for the existence of solutions of algebraic equations in rings and fields, and eventually for the number of such solutions. The fundamental ring of interest is the ring of ordinary integers Z, and the fundamental field of interest is the field Q of rational numbers. One discovers rapidly that to have all the technical freedom needed in handling general problems, one must consider rings and fields of finite type over the integers and rationals. Furthermore, one is led to consider also finite fields, p-adic fields (including the real and complex numbers) as representing a localization of the problems under consideration. We shall deal with global problems, all of which will be of a qualitative nature. On the one hand we have curves defined over say the rational numbers. Ifthe curve is affine one may ask for its points in Z, and thanks to Siegel, one can classify all curves which have infinitely many integral points. This problem is treated in Chapter VII. One may ask also for those which have infinitely many rational points, and for this, there is only Mordell's conjecture that if the genus is :;;; 2, then there is only a finite number of rational points.

SL2(R) gives the student an introduction to the infinite dimensional representation theory of semisimple Lie groups by concentrating on one example - SL2(R). The rapid development of representation theory over the past 40 years has made it increasingly difficult for a student to enter the field.

The book describes the effects of natural as well as artificial electromagnetic energies covering the en tire measurable frequency range from the highest frequencies, x-rays, through microwaves, radio waves, and finally extremely low frequency (ELF) waves.

This book takes the view that parallel to the pure arithmetic theory over number fields lies the algebraic-geometric theory of algebraic systems, where sections play the role of rational points. The author formulates analogs of classic diophantine problems.

In the present book, we have put together the basic theory of the units and cuspidal divisor class group in the modular function fields, developed over the past few years. Then r(N)\i) 2 is complex analytic isomorphic to an affine curve YeN), whose compactifi cation is called the modular curve X(N).