Bøger af Prem Jose Vazhacharickal

Medicinal plants have bioactive compounds which are used for various human disease and also an important role in wound healing. The present study is to investigate about the Antimicrobial, phytochemical and antioxidant activity of Eupatorium triplinerve Vahl. The extracts are studied against human wound and burn pathogenic bacterial stains. E. coli, Klebsiella species, Pseudomonas species, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter species. From the phytochemical study is shows the presence of steroids, glycosides, tannins, phenols, saponins and flavonoids. Plant extracts compounds were separated by thin layer chromatography and identification based on Rf values. The presence of vitamin C play and important role of antioxidants.

Phosphorus is one of the major essential macronutrient for biological growth and development. Phosphorus also has certain role in biochemical processes such as in photosynthesis, respiration, energy storage and transfer, cell division, cell enlargement and several other processes in the plants. Phosphorus helps to survive winter rigors and also contributes to disease resistance. In some plants it improves the quality of fruits, vegetables and grain crops. The deficiency of P leads to browning of leaves, weak stem, slow growth and small leaves. Phosphorus solubilising microorganisms (PSMs) are beneficial microbes capable of solubilising inorganic Phosphorus from insoluble compounds. PSMs convert insoluble P into soluble form and increases soil fertility. The rhizosphere soil sample were serially diluted up to 10-4 using sterile distilled water and plated on Pikovskayäs agar medium by pour plate method. The P solubilising efficiency of different PSB isolates was evaluated from the zones they formed on agar plates of Pikovskaya growth medium by solubilising the tricalcium phosphate of the medium.

Banana (genus Musa) is an important economic and food crop. Banana plants are attacked by many bacterial, fungal and viral pathogens. One of the most important viral pathogens of banana is the Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV), which causes the banana bunchy top disease (BBTD). In India banana industry has faced the problem of BBTV since late 1980s, when a severe epidemic caused drastic economical loses. The genome of BBTV comprises at least six integral components of circular single stranded DNA (cssDNA) molecules, each about 1 Kb in size. BBTV belongs to genus Babuvirusin Nanoviridae, one of the three cssDNA virus families. It is transmitted by black banana aphid Pentalonia nigronervosa Coq. The information¿s on BBTV in Kerala is limited. It is highly essential to isolate and characterize the virus infecting the banana crops in Kerala. To characterize the BBTV from Kerala, DNA-R of an isolate from various districts in Kerala was amplified with PCR, cloned and sequenced. The analysis of the genomic components of DNA-R revealed sub-groups of BBTV in Kerala. On the basis of DNA-R, the isolates from Kerala belongs to South-Pacific sub-group.

Scientific Study from the year 2017 in the subject Chemistry - Bio-chemistry, grade: 1.5, Mar Augusthinose College, course: Biotechnology, language: English, abstract: Aqueous extract of the fruit pulp of Tamarind (Tamarindus indica) were evaluated for cholesterol lowering effect, in vitro, against various fatty food materials. People consume food items made by chicken, beef, mutton, egg and fish and it contains large amount of fat. This study aims to analyze the effect of Tamarindus indica in reducing the cholesterol level in this fat compound using water extract of the pulp. For this fatty food samples like egg yolk, pork fat, chicken fat, ghee and cod liver oil were treated with the extract and cholesterol level was estimated by Zak¿s method for a period of time. Phytochemical constituents present in water extract of Tamarindus indica pulp includes Alkaloids, saponins, steroids, phlobatannins, carbohydrate, terpenoids, phenols, coumarins and leucoanthocyanins. The in vitro cholesterol lowering effect of Tamarindus indica pulp extract shows a positive result on chicken fat, ghee and egg yolk. But in case of pork fat and cod liver oil no beneficial change was observed.

Scientific Study from the year 2017 in the subject Agrarian Studies, Mar Augusthinose College, language: English, abstract: The Cucurbitaceae family is the one of the economically important group of plants in the tropics and subtropics. Molecular phylogenetic analysis were advanced after the introduction of molecular markers which give much precise results in analysis. Our current study based on the amplification of RuBisco enzyme using rbcL primer and subsequent validation using BLAST, FASTA and CLUSTAL-W in pumpkin and winter melon. The isolated and purified DNA samples were PCR amplified using rbcL primer and later sequenced using ABI Prism 377 DNA sequencer. Multiple sequence alignment algorithms and distance matrix were constructed using rbcL sequences in FASTA format were retrieved from GenBank. Phylogenetic tree was created using the distance based neighbour joining (NJ) and clustering algorithms method. Once divergences between all pairs of samples were determined, statistical cluster analysis and dendrogams examines the similarity among halotypes. Bootstrapping and jackknifing further increase the reliability estimates for the position of haplotypes within the evolutionary tree.

Rapid urbanization in developing countries affects the social, economic and ecologic relationships between urban inhabitants. Even though urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) is well appreciated by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and United Nations (UN), it is often criticized due to its intensive mode of production and safety aspects. Only little is known about the UPA production system in the Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR). In order to characterize the various UPA production systems across MMR, a baseline survey was conducted in 2010 and further detailed investigations were conducted for general soil characterization and heavy metal signatures.Based on the results of a baseline survey of 165 households, the UPA production systems in the MMR were characterized according to their socio-economic, demographic, migratory and features related to production system. Five major UPA systems were detected: railway gardens, balcony gardens, terrace gardens, farms and ¿Tabelas¿ ¿ enclosures where buffalos and cows are reared for milk. A great diversity of vegetables, fruits, plantation crops and flowers prevail in these systems. The railway gardens in their majority (79%) were managed by migrants. The use of mineral fertilizers and pesticides prevalent in farms and railway gardens, while pesticide usage was absent in balcony and terrace gardens. The use of waste water among railway gardens accounted for 98% of the overall irrigation water usage; while the other production systems depend upon well water and tap water. Labor shortage is an increasing problem in UPA of MMR, while marketing channels are well organized and connected. In all cases studied, UPA systems contributed to food security and employment opportunities on limited land and helped to recycle organic waste.

Scientific Study from the year 2017 in the subject Biology - Botany, grade: 1.5, Mar Augusthinose College, language: English, abstract: In this study, the callus initiation and rhizogenesis of Justicia gendarussa from nodal and leaf explants were established in Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with different hormonal concentrations and also optimization of callus initiation at hormonal concentrations. As a result the callus was initiated on MS medium supplemented with different hormones. The higher concentration of NAA and BA induced callus from nodal and leaf explants. The higher concentrations of 2, 4 ¿ D and kinetin induced callus on nodal explants. Lower concentration of 2, 4 ¿ D and kinetin induce callus on leaf explants. The combination of NAA and kinetin induce rhizogenesis from nodal explants. The antimicrobial activity of callus was evaluated by well diffusion method. Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilus, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia were used as test organisms. The results showed that Justicia gendarussa have antimicrobial activity on Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Staphylococcus aureus.Keywords: Justicia gendarussa, callus initiation, direct organogenesis, antimicrobial assay.

Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) is a famous spice of piperaceae family and commonly known as ¿King of Spices¿. Black pepper is also called ¿Indian Long Pepper¿ and mainly used in dried form and the dried form of pepper fruit is called peppercorns. Black pepper is originated in the tropical evergreen forest of the Western Ghats Mountains in India and commonly used in curry recipes. Many cultivars of black pepper are being cultivated in India. Karimunda is the most popular cultivar in Kerala. The other important cultivars are Kottanadan, Narayakodi, Aimpiriyan, Neelamundi, Kotta, Kuthiravally etc. Black pepper mainly used to treat diseases like diarrhea, fever, asthma, sinus, chronic indigestion, skin disorders, cholera and Ayurvedic and Unani systems use stem and root of pepper as important drug. The antimicrobial activity mainly tested for drug discovery, prediction of therapeutic outcome and epidemiology. Three different varieties of pepper in Kerala were selected for detection of antibacterial activity against E. coli and Bacillus subtilis.

Scientific Study from the year 2017 in the subject Chemistry - Bio-chemistry, grade: 1.5, Mar Augusthinose College, language: English, abstract: As the prevalence of obesity and hypercholesterolemia are very common in our society, plants with cholesterol lowering action has great value in modern therapeutics. The phytochemicals present in the extracts of Averrhoa bilimbi were analyzed and its effect on lowering cholesterol in various fatty food materials was evaluated in vitro. Various phytochemical compounds like tannins, saponins, alkaloids, emodins, proteins, carbohydrate, terpenoids, glycosides, flavonoids, coumarins and phenols were found in the fruit extracts of the plant. The level of cholesterol was evaluated by Zak¿s method in five different fatty food materials. After the treatment with extract four of them showed significant reduction in the cholesterol level day by day and no change in the cholesterol level was observed in one sample.

Scientific Study from the year 2017 in the subject Chemistry - Bio-chemistry, grade: 1.5, Mar Augusthinose College, language: English, abstract: The experiment was carried out to extract and analyze the phytochemical constituents of the Baccaurea courtallensis fruit and to find out the cholesterol lowering efficacy of the extract. The water extracts of Baccaurea courtallensis fruits were subjected to preliminary phytochemical analysis and they showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, phlobatannins, coumarin, anthocyanin, leucoanthocyanin, phenols and carbohydrates. The extract was evaluated for cholesterol lowering efficiency against different fatty food materials like egg yolk, pork and chicken fat, ghee and cod liver oil by Zak¿s method. The maximum efficiency was observed on egg yolk and chicken fat followed by pork fat and ghee. In cod liver oil no beneficial change were noticed.

Scientific Study from the year 2017 in the subject Computer Science - Applied, grade: 1,5, Mar Augusthinose College, language: English, abstract: Provable data possession (PDP) is a technique for ensuring the integrity of data in storage outsourcing. In this scheme, we address the construction of an efficient PDP scheme for distributed cloud storage to support the scalability of service and data migration, in which we consider the existence of multiple cloud service providers to cooperatively store and maintain the clients¿ data. We present a cooperative PDP (CPDP) scheme based on homomorphic verifiable response and hash index hierarchy. We prove the security of our scheme based on multi-prover zero-knowledge proof system, which can satisfy completeness, knowledge soundness, and zero-knowledge properties. In addition, we articulate performance optimization mechanisms for our scheme, and in particular present an efficient method for selecting optimal parameter values to minimize the computation costs of clients and storage service providers. Our experiments show that our solution introduces lower computation and communication overheads in comparison with non-cooperative approaches. Using MR-PDP to store treplicas is computationally much more efficient than using a single-replica PDP scheme to store t separate, unrelated files (e.g., by encrypting each file separately prior to storing it). Another advantage of MR-PDP is that it can generate further replicas on demand, at little expense, when some of the existing replicas fail. The generation of replicas is on demand by the user¿s request that is based on the security choice selected by the user at the time of file upload. The user can choose three options Low, Medium, High at the time of file upload. The uploaded file is divided in to N blocks of different sizes to achieve the efficiency in storage and is also used to improve security, here N represent the number of clouds we are using. Low means the file is divided into N blocks (here 3), and each block is stored in N different location of the single cloud. Medium means the file is divided into N blocks and each block is stored in N different clouds which improves the security of data but reduce the availability. High means the file is divided into N blocks and each N block is stored in N different clouds that are we are keeping the replicas of file in N different clouds. The system maintains a download count to dynamically create the replicas in accordance with the users demand.

Scientific Study from the year 2017 in the subject Agrarian Studies, grade: 1.5, Mar Augusthinose College, course: Biochemistry, language: English, abstract: Aqueous extract of the fruit pulp of Averrhoa carambola (star fruit) were evaluated for cholesterol lowering effect, in vitro, against various fatty food materials. Peoples are consuming food items made out of chicken, beef, mutton, egg and fish which contains large amount of fat. This study aims to analyze the effect of Averrhoa carambola in reducing the cholesterol level in this fat compound using water extract of the pulp. For this fatty food samples like egg yolk, pork fat, chicken fat , ghee and cod liver oil were treated with the extract and cholesterol level was estimated by Zak¿s method for a period of time. Phytochemical constituents present in water extract of Averrhoa carambola Linn. pulp includes alkaloids, saponins, steroids, phlobatannins, carbohydrate, terpenoids, phenols, coumarins, flavonoids and leucoanthocyanins. The in vitro cholesterol lowering effect of Averrhoa carambola pulp extract shows a positive result on reducing chicken fat, ghee and egg yolk. But in case of cod liver oil no beneficial change was observed.

Scientific Study from the year 2017 in the subject Agrarian Studies, grade: 1.5, Mar Augusthinose College, language: English, abstract: In our society cholesterol related diseases are increasing day by day. The major reason for this is our eating habit or food habit. Eating foods containing trans fats, which are often found in fast food and commercially baked breads, cookies, and snack foods. It was observed that while peoples taking the fruits of Garcinia gummi-gutta in their food preparations have low cholesterol level. Some peoples are eating boiled fruits and drinking water in which the fruits peels are boiled in order to reduce the cholesterol level. This study was carried out to explore the phytochemical constituents of the solvent extracts of Garcinia gummi-gutta fruit and in vitro analysis of its cholesterol lowering effect. The cholesterol lowering effect was carried out in vitro using common fatty food materials like ghee, fats of pork and chicken, hen egg and cod liver oil. Each food materials were treated with extract and incubated for a number of days and each day the cholesterol level was estimated by Zak¿s method. From the data, pork and chicken fat, egg yolk and ghee shows significant reduction in the cholesterol level. From the present study it can be concluded that the constituents present in the extracts may be responsible for the cholesterol lowering activity.

Scientific Study from the year 2017 in the subject Agrarian Studies, grade: 1.5, Mar Augusthinose College, course: Biotechnology, language: English, abstract: Black pepper belongs to piperaceae family and is known as ¿king of species¿. This piperaceae family contain approximately 2,000 species. Phosphorus is one of the most important micronutrients and they are essential for the biological growth, development of plants and it is the most essential nutrient for plants. Phosphate deficiency is wide spread and phosphate fertilizers universally required in the form of inorganic P fertilizers, only a small portion is utilized by plants and the remaining are in insoluble form and they are solubilised by the microbes present in the soil. Soil, they are rich in micro and macronutrients and sixteen elements or nutrients are essential for plant growth and reproduction. Several soil bacteria, particularly belonging to the genera Pseudomonas and Bacillus posses ability to bring insoluble soil phosphate into soluble forms by secreting acids like formic, lactic and acetic. The rhizosphere soil sample were serially diluted up to 10-4 using sterile distilled water and plated on Pikovskayäs agar medium by pour plate method. The P solubilising isolates was evaluated on agar plates of Pikovaskya growth medium by solubilising the tricalcium phosphate of the medium. After incubation the phosphate solubilising microorganisms were selected based on different colonies. Out of so many bacterial isolates, 8 isolates were selected for the further study to perform qualitative and quantitative analysis. Phosphate solubilising microorganisms are possible to use as bio fertilizer for all crops. Among the isolates some of are almost identical in biochemical test but they have different morphology characters.

Scientific Study from the year 2017 in the subject Computer Science - Applied, grade: 1.5, Mar Augusthinose College, language: English, abstract: Health helpline is meant for interaction between users and doctors. A user can see various tips and precautions posted by the doctors related to various diseases and health related problems. Registered members can ask their questions and our related doctors post their reply through this helpline. In this system there are mainly four modules a) The Administrator b) The doctors c) Clinic d) Patients. The ordinary persons can register either as doctor or users. If the doctor post the answer the admin check and allow or reject it. The admin and the doctor has the power to add disease and its symptoms. They can also add precautions for this disease. The user can view disease, its symptom and precautions for it. They can also view the detail of doctors and their photo, contact details etc. It help the doctor¿s publicity. Using this site the doctors can share the files (treatment information/or any scanning/X-ray result etc) of patient or any other to the other doctors. The system acts as an online encyclopaedia of health care. Clients can view the details of a specialist. Search and find the symptoms of a disease and their precautions. Find the latest health care tips. Clarify their doubts by asking related doctors.

Scientific Study from the year 2017 in the subject Biology - Micro- and Molecular Biology, grade: 1.5, Mar Augusthinose College, language: English, abstract: The dyes are complex chemical compounds that imparts colour to substances. On the urge of urbanisation, the use of synthetic dyes is increasing largely and its untreated effluent release causes serious environmental pollution affecting water bodies by disturbing the aquatic ecosystem, soil, plants, animals, humans. The recalcitrant nature of these dyes limits its treatment using conventional methods wherein biological methods using microorganisms are reported to completely mineralize the dyes lowering the release of degradation products. The present work focuses on the biodegradation of synthetic dyes by isolating bacteria from a dyeing unit. Soil samples from the dye contaminated soils was collected, its degradation potentiality was observed using three major dye of studies congo red, brilliant green and methylene blue within 24 hr incubation. Maximum decoloarized dye (congo red and brilliant green) were chosen, serially diluted to 10-5 and plated to obtain two distinct colonies from decolorized congo red (CR1, CR2) and three distinct colonies from decolorized brilliant green (BG1, BG2, BG3). These isolates were biochemically characterized. Molecular characterization was performed by isolating DNA from five isolates and amplified it using PCR, with the 16s rRNA gene primer. The PCR amplification product having approximately 1500bp were sequenced, edited and searched using BLAST against the known sequences within NCBI databases. The isolates were identified to be CR1 as Pseudomonas (88% identity), CR2 as Aeromonas (89% identical) and BG1/BG2 were confirmed to belong to same genus as Bacillus (99% identical). The phylogenetic tree showed a clear divergence between isolated species. Furthermore, the dye tolerance of isolates were observed by optimization analysis to be as CR1 and CR2 tolerated up to 4% of congo red dye and among BG1, BG2 and BG3; BG1 tolerated up to 0.50% of brilliant green dye. Thus, CR1 and CR2 were observed to be potent azo dye decolourizers. Recombinant DNA Technology can be applied in this field that can make the above future application more reliable.

Scientific Study from the year 2016 in the subject Chemistry - Bio-chemistry, grade: 1.5, Mar Augusthinose College, language: English, abstract: Amylase is an enzyme which catalyzes the hydrolysis of ¿ (1, 4)-glycosidic linkages in amylose (a linear form of starch), amylopectin (a branched form of starch) and glycogen into simpler carbohydrate molecules such as oligosaccharides or disaccharides. Alpha-amylase is the major form of amylase found in human, most prominently in pancreatic juice and saliva. The salivary amylase is an amylolytic enzyme, which can acts on cooked or boiled starch and converts it in to maltose. So it became interesting to study the behaviour of salivary amylase, when it is secreted as result of different stimuli. And thus began to study the effect of five different stimulatory temperatures, and also the effect of four tastes on the behaviour of salivary amylase. For the study of stimulatory effect of temperature on salivary amylase, five different temperatures are selected (4, 27, 37, 55 and 75°C). And likewise four tastes also selected (sweet, sour, salt and bitter). The DNS method was done in the both tests to obtain the absorbance at 520 nm. The samples were collected from three people, of same age. The saliva was collected at same time, after one and a half hour of their breakfast in order to maintain a controlled condition for this study. In each cases the incubation temperature also kept as variable (4, 27, 37, 55 and 75°C). This study was also aimed to determine the behaviour of salivary amylase with reference to the kinetic parameters like Km and Vmax of salivary alpha amylase by incubating the enzyme (stimulated by different stimulatory conditions of temperature and taste) with varying concentration of substrate. The study revealed the consistency in kinetic parameters like Km and Vmax of salivary alpha amylase secreted in response to various stimuli.