Bøger af Pourya Zarshenas

Die Energiewirtschaft ist ein weites wissenschaftliches Gebiet, das Themen im Zusammenhang mit der Bereitstellung und Nutzung von Energie in Gesellschaften umfasst. Die Berücksichtigung der Kosten von Energiedienstleistungen und des damit verbundenen Wertes verleiht der Effizienz, mit der Energie erzeugt werden kann, eine wirtschaftliche Bedeutung. Energiedienstleistungen können als Funktionen definiert werden, die Energie für die "gewünschten Enddienstleistungen oder -zustände" erzeugen und bereitstellen. Die Effizienz von Energiedienstleistungen hängt von der für die Energieerzeugung und -bereitstellung eingesetzten Technologie ab. Ziel ist es, den Energieaufwand (z. B. kWh, mJ, siehe Energieeinheiten) zu minimieren, der zur Erzeugung der Energiedienstleistung, wie Beleuchtung (Lumen), Heizung (Temperatur) und Kraftstoff (Erdgas), erforderlich ist. Die wichtigsten Sektoren, die in der Energiewirtschaft betrachtet werden, sind der Verkehrs- und der Gebäudesektor, obwohl sie für ein breites Spektrum menschlicher Aktivitäten relevant sind, einschließlich Haushalte und Unternehmen auf mikroökonomischer Ebene und Ressourcenmanagement und Umweltauswirkungen auf makroökonomischer Ebene. Aufgrund der Vielfalt der angewandten Themen und Methoden, die mit einer Reihe von akademischen Disziplinen geteilt werden, stellt die Energiewirtschaft keine eigenständige akademische Disziplin dar, sondern ist eine angewandte Teildisziplin der Wirtschaftswissenschaften.

A Economia Internacional preocupa-se com os efeitos sobre a atividade económica das diferenças internacionais nos recursos produtivos e nas preferências dos consumidores, bem como com as instituições internacionais que os afectam. Procura explicar os padrões e as consequências das transacções e interacções entre os habitantes de diferentes países, incluindo o comércio, o investimento e as transacções.O comércio internacional estuda os fluxos de bens e serviços através das fronteiras internacionais a partir de factores como a oferta e a procura, a integração económica, os movimentos internacionais de factores e as variáveis políticas, tais como as taxas pautais e as quotas comerciais.As finanças internacionais estudam o fluxo de capitais nos mercados financeiros internacionais e os efeitos destes movimentos nas taxas de câmbio.A economia monetária internacional e a macroeconomia internacional estudam os fluxos de dinheiro entre países e os efeitos resultantes nas suas economias como um todo.

A teoria económica do comércio internacional distingue-se do resto da teoria económica principalmente devido à mobilidade internacional comparativamente limitada do capital e do trabalho. A este respeito, parece diferir mais em grau do que em princípio do comércio entre regiões remotas de um país. Assim, a metodologia da economia do comércio internacional difere pouco da do resto da economia. No entanto, a orientação da investigação académica sobre o assunto tem sido influenciada pelo facto de os governos procurarem frequentemente impor restrições ao comércio internacional, e o motivo para o desenvolvimento da teoria do comércio tem sido muitas vezes o desejo de determinar as consequências de tais restrições. O ramo da teoria do comércio que é convencionalmente classificado como "clássico" consiste principalmente na aplicação da lógica dedutiva, com origem na Teoria das Vantagens Comparativas de Ricardo e evoluindo para uma série de teoremas que dependem, para o seu valor prático, do realismo dos seus postulados. A análise comercial "moderna", por outro lado, depende principalmente da análise empírica.

La théorie économique du commerce international diffère du reste de la théorie économique principalement en raison de la mobilité internationale relativement limitée du capital et de la main-d'¿uvre. À cet égard, il semblerait que le commerce international diffère en degré plutôt qu'en principe du commerce entre des régions éloignées d'un même pays. La méthodologie de l'économie du commerce international diffère donc peu de celle du reste de l'économie. Toutefois, l'orientation de la recherche universitaire sur le sujet a été influencée par le fait que les gouvernements ont souvent cherché à imposer des restrictions au commerce international et que le développement de la théorie du commerce a souvent été motivé par le souhait de déterminer les conséquences de ces restrictions. La branche de la théorie du commerce que l'on qualifie conventionnellement de "classique" consiste principalement en l'application d'une logique déductive, qui trouve son origine dans la théorie de l'avantage comparatif de Ricardo et se développe en une série de théorèmes dont la valeur pratique dépend du réalisme de leurs postulats. L'analyse commerciale "moderne", quant à elle, repose principalement sur l'analyse empirique.

La teoria economica del commercio internazionale si differenzia dal resto della teoria economica soprattutto per la mobilità internazionale relativamente limitata del capitale e del lavoro. Da questo punto di vista, sembrerebbe differire più in termini di grado che di principio dal commercio tra regioni remote di un paese. Pertanto, la metodologia dell'economia del commercio internazionale differisce poco da quella del resto dell'economia. Tuttavia, la direzione della ricerca accademica sull'argomento è stata influenzata dal fatto che i governi hanno spesso cercato di imporre restrizioni al commercio internazionale e il motivo dello sviluppo della teoria del commercio è stato spesso il desiderio di determinare le conseguenze di tali restrizioni. Il ramo della teoria del commercio che viene convenzionalmente classificato come "classico" consiste principalmente nell'applicazione della logica deduttiva, che ha origine con la teoria del vantaggio comparato di Ricardo e si sviluppa in una serie di teoremi il cui valore pratico dipende dal realismo dei loro postulati. L'analisi commerciale "moderna", invece, dipende principalmente dall'analisi empirica.

L'economia internazionale si occupa degli effetti sull'attività economica delle differenze internazionali nelle risorse produttive e nelle preferenze dei consumatori e delle istituzioni internazionali che le influenzano. Cerca di spiegare i modelli e le conseguenze delle transazioni e delle interazioni tra gli abitanti di diversi Paesi, compresi il commercio, gli investimenti e le transazioni.Il commercio internazionale studia i flussi di beni e servizi attraverso i confini internazionali a partire da fattori quali la domanda e l'offerta, l'integrazione economica, i movimenti internazionali dei fattori e le variabili politiche come le tariffe e le quote commerciali.La finanza internazionale studia il flusso di capitali attraverso i mercati finanziari internazionali e gli effetti di questi movimenti sui tassi di cambio.L'economia monetaria internazionale e la macroeconomia internazionale studiano i flussi di denaro tra i Paesi e gli effetti che ne derivano sulle loro economie nel loro complesso.

Die ökonomische Theorie des internationalen Handels unterscheidet sich von der übrigen Wirtschaftstheorie vor allem durch die vergleichsweise geringe internationale Mobilität von Kapital und Arbeit. In dieser Hinsicht scheint er sich eher im Ausmaß als im Prinzip vom Handel zwischen entlegenen Regionen eines Landes zu unterscheiden. Somit unterscheidet sich die Methodik der internationalen Handelsökonomie kaum von derjenigen der übrigen Wirtschaftswissenschaften. Die Richtung der akademischen Forschung zu diesem Thema wurde jedoch durch die Tatsache beeinflusst, dass die Regierungen oft versucht haben, dem internationalen Handel Beschränkungen aufzuerlegen, und das Motiv für die Entwicklung der Handelstheorie war oft der Wunsch, die Folgen solcher Beschränkungen zu bestimmen. Der Zweig der Handelstheorie, der üblicherweise als "klassisch" eingestuft wird, besteht hauptsächlich aus der Anwendung der deduktiven Logik, die mit Ricardos Theorie des komparativen Vorteils begann und sich zu einer Reihe von Theoremen entwickelte, deren praktischer Wert vom Realismus ihrer Postulate abhängt. Die "moderne" Handelsanalyse hingegen stützt sich hauptsächlich auf empirische Analysen.

Die internationale Wirtschaftswissenschaft befasst sich mit den Auswirkungen internationaler Unterschiede bei Produktionsmitteln und Verbraucherpräferenzen auf die Wirtschaftstätigkeit sowie mit den internationalen Institutionen, die diese beeinflussen. Sie versucht, die Muster und Folgen von Transaktionen und Interaktionen zwischen den Einwohnern verschiedener Länder zu erklären, einschließlich Handel, Investitionen und Transaktionen.Der internationale Handel untersucht die Waren- und Dienstleistungsströme über internationale Grenzen hinweg anhand von Angebots- und Nachfragefaktoren, wirtschaftlicher Integration, internationalen Faktorbewegungen und politischen Variablen wie Zollsätzen und Handelsquoten.Das internationale Finanzwesen untersucht die Kapitalströme auf den internationalen Finanzmärkten und die Auswirkungen dieser Bewegungen auf die Wechselkurse.Die internationale Geldwirtschaft und die internationale Makroökonomie untersuchen die Geldströme zwischen den Ländern und die sich daraus ergebenden Auswirkungen auf die Volkswirtschaften der Länder insgesamt.

Welcome to the timely publication of this book. Renewable energy is energy that is collected from renewable resources that are naturally replenished on a human timescale. It includes sources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat. Renewable energy stands in contrast to fossil fuels, which are being used far more quickly than they are being replenished. Although most renewable energy sources are sustainable, some are not. For example, some biomass sources are considered unsustainable at current rates of exploitation.Renewable energy often provides energy in four important areas: electricity generation, air and water heating/cooling, transportation, and rural (off-grid) energy services. Having about 660 citations, all of which are well and completely addressed at the end of the book, shows my meticulousness and accuracy in using all the important sources in writing this book. I hope you like this book.In fact, we should listen to the proposal of the Saudi Minister of Energy in the 1970s, who said:"The Stone Age did not end because the stone ran out.The age of oil must end much sooner than the oil runs out."Ladies and gentlemen!Welcome to the age of new Energy

An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the shaking of the surface of the Earth resulting from a sudden release of energy in the Earth's lithosphere that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes can range in intensity, from those that are so weak that they cannot be felt, to those violent enough to propel objects and people into the air, damage critical infrastructure, and wreak destruction across entire cities. The seismic activity of an area is the frequency, type, and size of earthquakes experienced over a particular time. The seismicity at a particular location in the Earth is the average rate of seismic energy release per unit volume. The word tremor is also used for non-earthquake seismic rumbling.At the Earth's surface, earthquakes manifest themselves by shaking and displacing or disrupting the ground. When the epicenter of a large earthquake is located offshore, the seabed may be displaced sufficiently to cause a tsunami. Earthquakes can also trigger landslides.

International Economics is concerned with the effects upon economic activity from international differences in productive resources and consumer preferences and the international institutions that affect them. It seeks to explain the patterns and consequences of transactions and interactions between the inhabitants of different countries, including trade, investment and transaction. International trade studies goods and services flows across international boundaries from supply-and-demand factors, economic integration, international factor movements, and policy variables such as tariff rates and trade quotas.International finance studies the flow of capital across international financial markets, and the effects of these movements on exchange rates. International monetary economics and international macroeconomics study flows of money across countries and the resulting effects on their economies as a whole.

I honestly think atheism is inconsistent with the scientific method. What I mean by that is, what is atheism? It¿s a statement, a categorical statement that expresses belief in nonbelief. ¿I don¿t believe even though I have no evidence for or against, simply I don¿t believe.¿ Period. It¿s a declaration. But in science we don¿t really do declarations. We say, ¿Okay, you can have a hypothesis, you have to have some evidence against or for that.¿ And so an agnostic would say, look, I have no evidence for God or any kind of god (What god, first of all? The Maori gods, or the Jewish or Christian or Muslim God? Which god is that?) But on the other hand, an agnostic would acknowledge no right to make a final statement about something he or she doesn¿t know about. ¿The absence of evidence is not evidence of absence,¿ and all that. This positions me very much against all of the ¿New Atheist¿ guys¿even though I want my message to be respectful of people¿s beliefs and reasoning, which might be community-based, or dignity-based, and so on. And I think obviously the Templeton Foundation likes all of this, because this is part of an emerging conversation.

Petroleum, also known as crude oil and oil, is a naturally occurring, yellowish-black liquid found in geological formations. It is commonly refined into various fuels and chemicals. Components of petroleum are separated by means of distillation. Petroleum mainly consists of hydrocarbons as well as traces of other organic compounds. The name petroleum covers both naturally occurring unprocessed crude oil and petroleum products that are made up of refined crude oil. A fossil fuel, petroleum is formed when large quantities of dead organisms, mostly zooplankton and algae, are buried underneath sedimentary rock and subjected to both prolonged heat and pressure.Petroleum has mostly been recovered by oil drilling. Drilling is carried out after studies of structural geology, sedimentary basin analysis, and reservoir characterization. Recent developments in technologies have also led to exploitation of other unconventional reserves such as oil sands and oil shale.

Atomic physics is the field of physics that studies atoms as an isolated system of electrons and an atomic nucleus. Atomic physics typically refers to the study of atomic structure and the interaction between atoms. It is primarily concerned with the way in which electrons are arranged around the nucleus and the processes by which these arrangements change. This comprises ions, neutral atoms and, unless otherwise stated, it can be assumed that the term atom includes ions.The term atomic physics can be associated with nuclear power and nuclear weapons, due to the synonymous use of atomic and nuclear in Standard English. Physicists distinguish between atomic physics -which deals with the atom as a system consisting of a nucleus and electrons- and nuclear physics, which studies nuclear reactions and special properties of atomic nuclei.As with many scientific fields, strict delineation can be highly contrived and atomic physics is often considered in the wider context of atomic, molecular, and optical physics.

The economic theory of international trade differs from the remainder of economic theory mainly because of the comparatively limited international mobility of the capital and labor. In that respect, it would appear to differ in degree rather than in principle from the trade between remote regions in one country. Thus the methodology of international trade economics differs little from that of the remainder of economics. However, the direction of academic research on the subject has been influenced by the fact that governments have often sought to impose restrictions upon international trade, and the motive for the development of trade theory has often been a wish to determine the consequences of such restrictions. The branch of trade theory which is conventionally categorized as "classical" consists mainly of the application of deductive logic, originating with Ricardo's Theory of Comparative Advantage and developing into a range of theorems that depend for their practical value upon the realism of their postulates. "Modern" trade analysis, on the other hand, depends mainly upon empirical analysis.

Industrial Economics also gives insights into how firms organize their activities, as well as considering their motivation. In many micro courses, profit maximization is taken as given, but many industrial economics courses examine alternative objectives, such as trying to grow market share.There is also an international dimension ¿ firms have the option to source inputs (or outsource production) overseas. As such, while industrial economics more frequently uses skills and knowledge from micro courses, macroeconomic concepts are sometimes employed.One of the key issues in industrial economics is assessing whether a market is competitive. Competitive markets are normally good for consumers (although they might not always be feasible) so most industrial economics courses include analysis of how to measure the extent of competition in markets. It then considers whether regulation is needed, and if so the form it should take. There is again an international dimension to this, as firms that operate in more than one country will face different regulatory regimes.

Energy economics is a broad scientific subject area which includes topics related to supply and use of energy in societies. Considering the cost of energy services and associated value gives economic meaning to the efficiency at which energy can be produced. Energy services can be defined as functions that generate and provide energy to the ¿desired end services or states¿. The efficiency of energy services is dependent on the engineered technology used to produce and supply energy. The goal is to minimize energy input required (e.g. kWh, mJ, see Units of Energy) to produce the energy service, such as lighting (lumens), heating (temperature) and fuel (natural gas). The main sectors considered in energy economics are transportation and building, although it is relevant to a broad scale of human activities, including households and businesses at a microeconomic level and resource management and environmental impacts at a macroeconomic level. Due to diversity of issues and methods applied and shared with a number of academic disciplines, energy economics does not present itself as a self-contained academic discipline, but it is an applied sub discipline of economics.

In sintesi, questa rassegna fornisce una panoramica completa dei progressi dell'IA in vari campi della chimica e mira a fornire una visione delle sue direzioni future per un pubblico di studiosi.Ora che finalmente è stato spiegato abbastanza sulla teoria dei giochi, voglio affermare con parole semplici che è effettivamente possibile produrre composti chimici utilizzando l'intelligenza artificiale e buone strategie come la teoria dei giochi e la teoria della selezione. Più facile e più veloce.La cosa principale da notare è che con questo metodo, raggiungere la risposta finale, soprattutto nella produzione di prodotti farmaceutici, è molto più semplice, preciso e veloce.

Chemistry is the study of the structure and transformation of matter. When Aristotle wrote the first systematic treatises on chemistry in the 4th century BCE, his conceptual grasp of the nature of matter was tailored to accommodate a relatively simple range of observable phenomena. In the 21st century, chemistry has become the largest scientific discipline, producing over half a million publications a year ranging from direct empirical investigations to substantial theoretical work. However, the specialized interest in the conceptual issues arising in chemistry, hereafter Philosophy of Chemistry, is a relatively recent addition to philosophy of science.Philosophy of chemistry has two major parts. In the first, conceptual issues arising within chemistry are carefully articulated and analyzed. Such questions which are internal to chemistry include the nature of substance, atomism, the chemical bond, and synthesis. In the second, traditional topics in philosophy of science such as realism, reduction, explanation, confirmation, and modeling are taken up within the context of chemistry.

One standard definition for economics is the study of the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. A second definition is the study of choice related to the allocation of scarce resources. The first definition indicates that economics includes any business, nonprofit organization, or administrative unit. The second definition establishes that economics is at the core of what managers of these organizations do.This book presents economic concepts and principles from the perspective of ¿managerial economics,¿ which is a subfield of economics that places special emphasis on the choice aspect in the second definition. The purpose of managerial economics is to provide economic terminology and reasoning for the improvement of managerial decisions.Most readers will be familiar with two different conceptual approaches to the study of economics: microeconomics and macroeconomics. Microeconomics studies phenomena related to goods and services from the perspective of individual decision-making entities¿that is, households and businesses. Macroeconomics approaches the same phenomena at an aggregate level, for example, the total consumption and production of a region.

Welcome to the timely publication of this book. Renewable energy is energy that is collected from renewable resources that are naturally replenished on a human timescale. It includes sources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat. Renewable energy stands in contrast to fossil fuels, which are being used far more quickly than they are being replenished. Although most renewable energy sources are sustainable, some are not. For example, some biomass sources are considered unsustainable at current rates of exploitation.Renewable energy often provides energy in four important areas: electricity generation, air and water heating/cooling, transportation, and rural (off-grid) energy services. About 20% of humans' global energy consumption is renewables, including almost 30% of electricity. About 8% of energy consumption is traditional biomass, but this is declining. Over 4% of energy consumption is heat energy from modern renewables, such as solar water heating, and over 6% electricity.The Stone Age did not end because the stone ran out.The age of oil must end much sooner than the oil runs out."SoLadies and gentlemen!Welcome to the age of new Energies¿

In chemical synthesis, click chemistry is a class of biocompatible small molecule reactions commonly used in bioconjugation, allowing the joining of substrates of choice with specific biomolecules. Click chemistry is not a single specific reaction, but describes a way of generating products that follow examples in nature, which also generates substances by joining small modular units. In many applications, click reactions join a biomolecule and a reporter molecule. Click chemistry is not limited to biological conditions: the concept of a "click" reaction has been used in chemoproteomic, pharmacological, and various biomimetic applications. However, they have been made notably useful in the detection, localization and qualification of biomolecules.

Atomic physics is the field of physics that studies atoms as an isolated system of electrons and an atomic nucleus. Atomic physics typically refers to the study of atomic structure and the interaction between atoms. It is primarily concerned with the way in which electrons are arranged around the nucleus and the processes by which these arrangements change. This comprises ions, neutral atoms and, unless otherwise stated, it can be assumed that the term atom includes ions. The term atomic physics can be associated with nuclear power and nuclear weapons, due to the synonymous use of atomic and nuclear in Standard English. Physicists distinguish between atomic physics -which deals with the atom as a system consisting of a nucleus and electrons- and nuclear physics, which studies nuclear reactions and special properties of atomic nuclei. As with many scientific fields, strict delineation can be highly contrived and atomic physics is often considered in the wider context of atomic, molecular, and optical physics. Physics research groups are usually so classified.

In summary, this review provides a comprehensive overview of how AI has progressed in various fields of chemistry and aims to provide insight into its future directions for scholarly audiences.Now that finally enough has been explained about the theory of games, I want to state the fact in simple words that it is actually possible to produce chemical compounds using artificial intelligence and good strategies such as game theory and selection theory. Easier and faster.The main thing that should be noted is that with this method, reaching the final answer, especially in the production of pharmaceutical products, is much simpler, more accurate, and faster.

Welcome to the timely publication of this book. Plastic is ubiquitous as packaging material or as part of many products of our daily life. However, due to the steadily increasing global plastic production, plastic particles can now be found everywhere in the environment. It is estimated that between four and twelve million tonnes of plastic enter the seas and oceans every year. Plastic particles, which are intentionally manufactured, are called primary plastic particles. They are added to daily life products like cosmetics or are used in research and diagnostics. Fragmentation of larger plastic items into smaller pieces yields so called secondary plastics and the degradation is caused by exposure to sun, wind or water. In order to assess the potential risk of plastic particles in various sizes, details on the amount of particles released into the environment, their origin, the underlying transformation and fragmentation processes as well as the environmental effects are needed.

The essential meaning of ishr¿q (Persian ¿¿¿¿¿, Arabic: ¿¿¿¿¿¿¿) is "rising", specifically referring to the sunrise, though "illumination" is the more common translation. It has used both Arabic and Persian philosophical texts as means to signify the relation between the ¿apprehending subject¿ (al-maw¿ü al-modrek) and the ¿apprehensible object¿ (al-modrak); beyond philosophical discourse, it is a term used in common discussion. Suhrawardi utilized the ordinariness of the word in order to encompass the all that is mystical along with an array of different kinds of knowledge, including elh¿m, meaning personal inspiration.None of Suhrawardi's works was translated into Latin, so he remained unknown in the Latin West, although his work continued to be studied in the Islamic East. According to Hosein Nasr, Suhrawardi was unknown to the west until he was translated to western languages by contemporary thinkers such as Henry Corbin, and he remains largely unknown even in countries within the Islamic world.Suhrawardi tried to present a new perspective on questions like those of existence.

O aumento da concentração de dióxido de carbono na atmosfera está a fazer subir a temperatura da superfície dos oceanos e a provocar a sua acidificação. Embora o aquecimento e a acidificação sejam fenómenos diferentes, interagem em detrimento dos ecossistemas marinhos. Estas alterações nos oceanos não estão a ocorrer ao mesmo ritmo em todo o lado: existem diferenças significativas nos gradientes de temperatura, latitude e profundidade. Isto significa que as regiões polares como o Alasca, onde a água do mar é relativamente fria, podem absorver mais CO2 do que os trópicos mais quentes. Consequentemente, as águas superficiais polares estão, em geral, a acidificar mais rapidamente do que as de outras latitudes e, em média, as regiões mais quentes do oceano estão a libertar CO2 para a atmosfera, em vez de o absorverem. As diferenças regionais na acidificação dos oceanos podem também ser parcialmente explicadas pelos efeitos dos padrões de circulação oceânica. Devido aos padrões de ventos predominantes e a outros fenómenos naturais, o oceano faz afluir águas profundas ricas em nutrientes e mais ácidas ou corrosivas.

The rising concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is driving up ocean surface temperatures and causing ocean acidification. Although warming and acidification are different phenomena, they interact to the detriment of marine ecosystems. These changes to the ocean aren¿t occurring at the same rates everywhere: there are significant differences across gradients of temperature, latitude, and depth.The rate at which water absorbs CO2 decreases as water temperature increases. This means that Polar Regions like Alaska, where ocean water is relatively cold, can take up more CO2 than the warmer tropics. As a result, polar surface waters are generally acidifying faster than those in other latitudes, and on average, warmer regions of the ocean are releasing CO2 into the atmosphere instead of absorbing it.The regional differences in ocean acidification can also be partially explained by the effects of ocean circulation patterns. Due to prevailing wind patterns and other natural phenomena, the ocean upwells nutrient-rich and more acidic or corrosive deep waters.

Sustainable development is an organizing principle for meeting human development goals while also sustaining the ability of natural systems to provide the natural resources and ecosystem services on which the economy and society depend. The desired result is a state of society where living conditions and resources are used to continue to meet human needs without undermining the integrity and stability of the natural system. Sustainable development can be defined as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. While the modern concept of sustainable development is derived mostly from the 1987 Brundtland Report, it is also rooted in earlier ideas about sustainable forest management and 20th-century environmental concerns. As the concept of sustainable development developed, it has shifted its focus more towards the economic development, social development and environmental protection for future generations.