Bøger af NASA

This manual was written for design engineers to enable them to choose appropriate fasteners for their designs. Subject matter includes fastener material selection, platings, lubricants, corrosion, locking methods, washers, inserts, thread types and classes, fatigue loading, and fastener torque. A section on design criteria covers the derivation of torque formulas, loads on a fastener group, combining simultaneous shear and tension loads, pullout load for tapped holes, grip length, head styles, and fastener strengths. The second half of this manual presents general guidelines and selection criteria for rivets and lockbolts. To the casual observer the selection of bolts, nuts, and rivets for a design should be a simple task. In reality it is a difficult task, requiring careful consideration of temperature, corrosion, vibration, fatigue, initial preload, and many other factors. The intent of this manual is to present enough data on bolt and rivet materials, finishes, torques, and thread lubricants to enable a designer to make a sensible selection for a particular design. Locknuts, washers, locking methods, inserts, rivets, and tapped holes are also covered.

Foundations of Space Biology and Medicine is a collective scientific work which reviews the most important problems, achievements, and prospects for the development of space biology and medicine. Its purpose is to make available summarized and systematized data on the most important problems of space biology and medicine. The work was developed by a Joint Editorial Board established by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.RContents of Volume III:IntroductionMethods of Providing Life Support for AstronautsBasic Data for Planning Life-Support Systems --- Food and Water Supply --- Air Regenerating and Conditioning --- Clothing and Personal Hygiene --- Isolation and Removal of Waste Products --- Habitability of Spacecraft --- Individual Life-Support Systems Outside a Spacecraft Cabin, Space Suits and CapsulesCharacteristics of Integrated Life-support SystemsNonregenerative Life-Support Systems for Flights of Short and Moderate Duration --- Life-Support Systems for Interplanetary Spacecraft and Space Stations for Long-Term Use --- Biological Life-Support SystemsProtection Against Adverse Factors of Space FlightProtection Against Radiation (Biological, Pharmacological, Chemical, Physical) --- Medical Care of Spacecrews (Medical Care, Equipment, and Prophylaxis) --- Descent and Landing of Spacecrews and Survival in an Unpopulated Area --- Protection of Crews of Spacecraft and Space StationsSelection and Training of AstronautsSelection of Astronauts and Cosmonauts --- Training of Cosmonauts and Astronauts Future Space Biomedical ResearchAn Appraisal of Future Space Biomedical ResearchAuthors' AddressesIndex for Volumes I, II, and IIIContents for Volumes I, II, and IIIAcknowledgments

Foundations of Space Biology and Medicine is a collective scientific work which reviews the most important problems, achievements, and prospects for the development of space biology and medicine. Its purpose is to make available summarized and systematized data on the most important problems of space biology and medicine. The work was developed by a Joint Editorial Board established by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R.Contents of Volume II - Book TwoIntroductionEffect of Radiant Energy from Space on the OrganismRadio-Frequency and Microwave Energies, Magnetic and Electric FieldsUltraviolet, Visible, and Infrared RaysIonizing RadiationsPsychophysiological Problems of Space FlightBiological and Physiological RhythmsPsychophysiological Stress of Space FlightPhysiology of the Sensory Sphere Under Spaceflight ConditionsAstronaut ActivityCombined Effect of Spaceflight Factors on Man and Animals; Methods of InvestigationCombined Effect of Flight FactorsMethods of Investigation in Space Biology and Medicine: Transmission of Biomedical DataBiologic Guidelines for Future Space ResearchAuthors' AddressesIndex

Foundations of Space Biology and Medicine is a collective scientific work which reviews the most important problems, achievements, and prospects for the development of space biology and medicine. Its purpose is to make available summarized and systematized data on the most important problems of space biology and medicine. The work was developed by a Joint Editorial Board established by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R.Contents of Volume II - Book OneIntroductionInfluence of an Artificial Gaseous Atmosphere of Spacecraft and Stations on the OrganismBarometric Pressure and Gas Composition Toxicology of the Air in Closed Spaces Thermal Exchanges and Temperature StressEffect of Dynamic Flight Factors on the OrganismPrinciples of Gravitational BiologyProlonged Linear and Radial AccelerationsImpact AccelerationsAngular Velocities, Angular Accelerations, and Coriolis AccelerationsWeightlessnessNoise and Vibration

Foundations of Space Biology and Medicine is a collective scientific work which reviews the most important problems, achievements, and prospects for the development of space biology and medicine. Its purpose is to make available summarized and systematized data on the most important problems of space biology and medicine. The work was developed by a Joint Editorial Board established by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R.Contents of Volume I:IntroductionPhysical Properties of Space and Their Biological SignificanceTheories of the Origin and Nature of the UniversePhysical Characteristics of Interplanetary SpacePlanets and Satellites of the Solar System from Physical and Ecological Points of ViewThe Moon and Its NatureEarth-Type Planets (Mercury, Venus, and Mars)Planets and Satellites of the Outer Solar System, Asteroids, and CometsProblems of ExobiologyBiological Effects of Extreme Environmental ConditionsTheoretical and Experimental Prerequisites of ExobiologySearch for and Investigation of Extraterrestrial Forms of LifePlanetary Quarantine: Principles, Methods, and ProblemsAuthors' AddressesIndex

CONTENTSForewordIntroduction to Solar PhysicsInternal Rotation of the SunA History of Solar RotationDynamics of the Outer Solar AtmosphereThe Interplanetary PlasmaLower Atmospheres of the PlanetsThe Composition of Planetary AtmospheresInterior Structure of Giant PlanetsRadar and Radio Exploration of the PlanetsNature and Interpretation of the Apollo 11 Lunar SamplesOrigin of the Solar SystemEvolution of Planetary AtmospheresHistory of the Lunar Orbit

When Francis Bacon wrote the New Atlantis in the early 17th century, he envisioned a state-supported research institution in which knowledge could be applied to 'enlarge the bounds of Human Empire, to the effecting of all things possible." Among the research facilities to increase the protection and material comforts of the inhabitants of his imaginary island, Bacon imagined an Engine House to study all types of motion, including flight. National aeronautical research laboratories in Europe and the United States in the early 20th century reflected Bacon's vision of science applied to the practical problems of flight. Commitment to innovation accompanied Bacon's belief in progress. His utopia honored inventors, not politicians or academics.In 1941 the same commitment to innovation and industrial progress won federal funding for a laboratory in Cleveland, Ohio. Local and national leaders expected the new laboratory to promote innovations in aircraft engine technology to help win the war against Germany. Contributions to the development of superior engines for military and passenger aircraft after World War II justified the large federal investment in research facilities and personnel. Today this laboratory is the NASA Lewis Research Center. In contrast to the isolation of the ideal research institution of Bacon's vision, Lewis took shape in a flesh-and-blood world of personalities, national security concerns, and postwar capitalism.Two transitions, both precipitated by advances in propulsion technology, provide the structure for my history: the revolution in jet propulsion during World War II, and the launch of Sputnik in October 1957. Each had significant national political, military, and economic repercussions. Each forced the laboratory to restructure its research program and to redefine its relationships with its three constituencies--the military, industry, and academia. Within this framework I have distinguished one theme that recurs throughout the laboratory's history--the tension between fundamental or basic research and development. In the process of writing my history I found that these terms could not be defined in any absolute sense. Their meaning is enmeshed in the history of Lewis, and the definitions of research and development changed as Lewis evolved. As an institution, Lewis engaged in a continuing reevaluation of its role within the American propulsion community and, after the formation of NASA in 1958, within a vastly expanded federal bureaucracy.

This book introduces the general field of Sun-weather/climate relationships, that is, apparent weather and climate responses to solar activity, and provides theoretical and experimental suggestions for further research to identify and investigate the unknown causal mechanisms. It is directed to researchers active in the atmospheric and space sciences who wish to expand their background for meeting the challenge of this newly emerging field and to students who desire a general background in the several disciplinary areas of the field. In the 200-year history of Sun-weather studies, a large body of information has accumulated. Even though the reported results have sometimes been confused, disjointed, and contradictory, there has emerged a growing belief that there are connections between changes on the Sun and changes in the lower atmosphere. There is, however, a deplorable lack of acceptable physical mechanisms to explain those probable connections, and this has prevented widespread acceptance of the reality of solar activity effects on the weather and climate. The discovery of viable mechanisms will strengthen the scientific basis of Sun-weather relationships and may lead to improved predictions of weather and climate. It is obvious that improved predictions would have a profound impact on several crucial societal problems, especially in the areas of global food production and utilization of solar energy for man's needs. This book reviews the correlations between solar activity and weather and climate reported in historical and contemporary literature, addresses the physical linking mechanisms, and suggests experimental concepts for future investigations of such mechanisms. It is our intention to fill a gap in the literature by combining a review of the nature and quality of existing correlations with the basic physics underlying the various scientific disciplines required to pursue studies of physical linking mechanisms. We emphasize the multidisciplinary nature of the subject while providing a basic background in each of the various areas thought to play a role in coupling processes. In following this approach, we hope to acquaint meteorologists with solar and geophysical phenomena, solar physicists with terrestrial atmospheric processes, and so on, thereby stimulating the cross fertilization we believe is necessary for further progress in Sun-weather studies.

CONTENTSPREFACELIST OF PARTICIPANTSRESEARCH NEEDS FOR REGENERATIVE LIFE-SUPPORT SYSTEMS1. Systems Engineering Overview for Regenerative Life-Support Systems Applicable to Space HabitatsJack Spurlock and Michael Modell2. Research Planning Criteria for Regenerative Life-Support Systems Applicable to Space HabitatsJack Spurlock, William Cooper, Paul Deal, Annita Harlan, Marcus Karel, Michael Modell, Paul Moe, John Phillips, David Putnam, Philip Quattrone, C. David Raper, Jr., Elliot Swan, Frieda Taub, Judith Thomas, Christine Wilson, and Ben ZeitmanHABITAT DESIGN1. Effect of Environmental Parameters on Habitat Structural Weight and CostEdward Bock, Fred Lambrou, Jr., and Michael Simon2. Habitat and Logistic Support Requirements for the Initiation of a Space Manufacturing EnterpriseJ. Peter Vajk, Joseph H. Engel, and John A. ShettlerDYNAMICS AND DESIGN OF ELECTROMAGNETIC MASS DRIVERS1. Mass Drivers I: Electrical DesignWilliam H. Arnold, Stuart Bowen, Kevin Fine, David Kaplan, Margaret Kolm, Henry Kolm, Johathan Newman, Gerard K. O'Neill, and William R. Snow2. Mass Drivers II: Structural DynamicsWilliam H. Arnold, Stuart Bowen, Kevin Fine, David Kaplan, Margaret Kolm, Henry Kolm, Jonathan Newman, Gerard K. O'Neill, and William R. Snow3. Mass Drivers III: EngineeringWilliam H. Arnold, Stuart Bowen, Steve Cohen, David Kaplan, Kevin Fine, Margaret Kolm, Henry Kolm, Jonathan Newman, Gerard K. O'Neill, and William R. SnowASTEROIDS AS RESOURCES FOR SPACE MANUFACTURING1. Round-Trip Missions to Low-Delta-V Asteroids and Implications for Material RetrievalDavid F. Bender, R. Scott Dunbar, and David J. Ross2. Retrieval of Asteroidal MaterialsBrian O'Leary, Michael J. Gaffey, David J. Ross, and Robert Salkeld3. An Assessment of Near-Earth Asteroid ResourcesMichael J. Gaffey, Eleanor F. Helin, and Brian O'LearyPROCESSING OF NONTERRESTRIAL MATERIALS1. The Initial Lunar Supply BaseDavid R. Criswell2. Extraterrestrial Fiberglass Production Using Solar EnergyDarwin Ho and Leon E. Sobon3. Lunar Building Materials-Some Considerations on the Use of Inorganic PolymersStuart M. Lee4. A Geologic Assessment of Potential Lunar OresDavid S. McKay and Richard J. Williams5. Extraction Processes for the Production of Aluminum, Titanium, Iron, Magnesium, and Oxygen and Nonterrestrial SourcesD. Bhogeswara Rao, U. V. Choudary, T. E. Erstfeld, R. J. Williams, and Y. A. Chang6. Mining and Beneficiation of Lunar OresRichard J. Williams, David S. McKay, David Giles, and Theodore E. Bunch