Bøger af Muhammad Ijaz

Within this book, an effort to improve local drug delivery at the various mucosal tissues via encapsulation in CDs was undertaken by pursuing thiolation and pre-activation strategies to overcome low residence time, foreign body sensation, irritation and other biochemical barriers. The investigated CDs, ¿-CD and ¿-CD were successfully modified to obtain more mucoadhesion, prolong drug residence time, improved water solubility and improved drug tolerance by reducing its irritation effects. Thiolation of CDs was carried out via inducing aldehyde groups and subsequent conjugation of cysteamine. Non-ionic thiolated CDs were synthesized by substitution of hydroxyl groups with bromine and subsequent thiolation with thiourea. Thiolated CDs were further improved by making them resistant against oxidation at higher pH in solutions via pre-activating the free thiol groups. Thiomers, multifunctional polymers, exhibited advantages in prolonged drug residence time by mucoadhesive properties. The presence of thiol groups leads to disulfide bonds formation between the polymer and cysteine subunit of mucus glycoprotein, and thus prolong the residence time of the delivery system.

According to the Agriculture Census Organization, the total equine population in Pakistan was 4.8 million in 2006. This has risen to 5.1 million (Horses 0.4, Asses 4.5 and Mules 0.2) as per the census report for 2008-2009. (Anonymous 2008-09)Strangles is named from the air restriction in late stages of the disease where the horse breathes as if it is being strangled because of the restriction of the trachea due to swollen lymph nodes. It is considered to be one of the top three most significant and feared respiratory diseases in horses (Natarajan and Langohr, 2003). It accounts for close to 30% of all equine infections reported worldwide, making it the most frequently encountered single horse illness (Harrington et al., 2002). The mechanism and route of entrance of Streptococcus equi subsp. equi (S. equi) into the lymphoid system has not so far been properly elucidated. An in vitro trial revealed adherence of S. equi to equine epithelial cheek cells, tongue and nasal epithelial cells (Srivastava and Barnum, 1983b; Valentin Weigand et al., 1988).