Bøger af Karl Sigmund

"Over Plato's Academy in ancient Athens, it is said, hung a sign: "Let no one ignorant of geometry enter here." Plato thought no one could do philosophy without also doing mathematics. In The Waltz of Reason, mathematician and philosopher Karl Sigmund shows us why. Charting an epic story spanning millennia and continents, Sigmund shows that philosophy and mathematics are inextricably intertwined, mutual partners in a reeling search for truth. Beginning with-appropriately enough-geometry, Sigmund explores the power and beauty of numbers and logic, and then shows how those ideas laid the ground work for everything from the theory of a fair election, to modern conceptions of governance, cooperation, morality, and even of reason itself. Did you know, for example, that John Locke, author of some of the most important texts in the Western theory of government, was motivated in his work by his study of geometry? Or, that Locke was actually terrible at geometry, a seventeenth-century mathematical laughingstock? He was, a fact that might want us to think again about the logic of his life's work. And Locke wasn't the only one! Sigmund reveals how many of our modern ideas about what is true and what is reasonable are based on similarly shaky grounds. The economists and other thinkers who promulgated game theory, classical economics, and behavioral economics-the basis of so much in modern life-were not necessarily good at either math or philosophy, or both. The result is a remarkable book: accessible, funny, and wise, it tells an engrossing history of ideas that spins as dizzyingly and beautifully as a ballroom full of expert dancers. But it doesn't just celebrate the past. Instead, by making all these great ideas accessible to all, The Waltz of Reason empowers as it entertains, giving each of us the tools to ask, what do we know, how do we know it, and what do we want to do, with all these ideas?"--

A dazzling group biography of the early twentieth-century thinkers who transformed the way the world thought about math and science

Der Wiener Kreis ist aus dem Geistesleben des 20. Jahrhunderts nicht wegzudenken. Anknupfend an Russell und Einstein versucht ein Team von Mathematikern, Naturwissenschaftlern und Philosophen die Grundlagen einer wissenschaftlichen Weltauffassung zu legen, im scharfen Gegenwind der reaktionaren Politik der Zwischenkriegsjahre. Anschaulich, einfach und einpragsam stellt Karl Sigmund eine der spannendsten Episoden der radikalen Moderne dar - einer Episode, die vom Nationalsozialismus zerstort wurde, aber im angelsachsischen Exil reiche Fruchte trug. Viele der damals angerissenen Fragen haben heute noch ihre Auswirkungen: Es fuhrt eine Linie von der symbolischen Logik Carnaps und Godels zur Informatik, und die wissenschaftliche Weltauffassung ist so selbstverstandlich geworden, dass wir sie kaum mehr wahrnehmen. Ein Buch fur alle an der Kulturgeschichte des 20. Jahrhunderts Interessierten, das naturwissenschaftlich und geisteswissenschaftlich orientierte Leserinnen und Leser in gleichem Ma anspricht.

The investigation of special topics in systems dynamics -uncertain dynamic processes, viability theory, nonlinear dynamics in models for biomathematics, inverse problems in control systems theory-has become a major issue at the System and Decision Sciences Research Program of the International Insti tute for Applied Systems Analysis.

How does cooperation emerge among selfish individuals? When do people share resources, punish those they consider unfair, and engage in joint enterprises? These questions fascinate philosophers, biologists, and economists alike, for the "e;invisible hand"e; that should turn selfish efforts into public benefit is not always at work. The Calculus of Selfishness looks at social dilemmas where cooperative motivations are subverted and self-interest becomes self-defeating. Karl Sigmund, a pioneer in evolutionary game theory, uses simple and well-known game theory models to examine the foundations of collective action and the effects of reciprocity and reputation. Focusing on some of the best-known social and economic experiments, including games such as the Prisoner's Dilemma, Trust, Ultimatum, Snowdrift, and Public Good, Sigmund explores the conditions leading to cooperative strategies. His approach is based on evolutionary game dynamics, applied to deterministic and probabilistic models of economic interactions. Exploring basic strategic interactions among individuals guided by self-interest and caught in social traps, The Calculus of Selfishness analyzes to what extent one key facet of human nature--selfishness--can lead to cooperation.