Bøger af Jose O'Daly

The brain has 100 billion neurons, connected by the connectome, base of human cognition. An autapse is the axon of a neuron onto itself, found in neocortex, substantia nigra, hippocampus. Neurotransmitters are stored in synaptic vesicles, released into the synaptic cleft, to the postsynaptic neuron. The locus coeruleus is in the pons, site for stress, and norepinephrine. The hippocampus is component of the limbic system, role in memory. The cerebral cortex is the brain outer layer, implicated in speech, language. The cingulate cortex is above the corpus callosum, involved with emotion, learning, and memory. The ventral tegmental area are neurons in the midline on the floor of the midbrain origin of the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system it is implicated in the drug and natural reward circuitry of the brain. Psychosis doesn¿t know what is real, with hallucinations, incoherent speech. The hypothalamus links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland. The midbrain is associated with vision, hearing, motor control. The psyche is the conscious and unconscious mind. New cells described in retina, glycogen as source of energy, gap junctions with Na+K+ATPase.

Autonomic nervous system has sympathetic (SNS), parasympathetic (PNS), enteric nervous system (ENS) that regulate the body's unconscious actions, the body's fight or flight response, and the body to feed and breed. SNS signals travel by preganglionic neurons that release acetylcholine (ACh), activating nicotinic ACh receptors on postganglionic neurons releasing norepinephrine that activates adrenergic receptors (AR) on peripheral tissues. SNS: accelerate heart rate; widen bronchial passages; decrease motility of large intestine; constrict blood vessels; increase oesophagus peristalsis; cause pupillary dilation, piloerection like goose bumps, perspiration sweating, and raise blood pressure. The amygdala by corticotropin releasing hormone, activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. SNS ¿2 AR on CD4+T and B cells controls immunity. Immunotherapy started with vaccination against smallpox, Cancer stops immune responses. Brain regulates innate and adaptive immune responses. PNS controls the urinary bladder, ureters, anal sphincters, uterus, prostate, glands, vagina, penis. The ENS, contain 600 million neurons. There are adrenergic dense vesicles in retina.

Changes in brain in humans and chimpanzees induced Homo sapiens, with higher perception, and linguistic expression. Lucy lived 2-3 Mya, height 1,1 meter, bipedal. Humans produced art, music, ornamentation, language, rituals. In men, fibers run back and forth within each hemisphere see issues and resolve them, while in women they zigzag between the left logical and right creative sides of the brain. Language is key human behavioral phenotype. Chimpanzees use their reflections in mirror to explore body parts, underarms, teeth, and anogenital region, use tools in the wild. Primates share a non-verbal system for ordering small and large numerosities. Hominid Last Common Ancestor with a brain 300¿400 gr, the main phenotype is cognition, which evolved in apes 14 Mya. Human brain displays left hemisphere dominance for language, also in actual great apes. The primary motor, premotor, prefrontal cortices are involved in motor execution and cognition, as decision making, planning, memory, emotions. Molecules adapted for high neuronal activity, for ion pumps and neurotransmitters. The lateral cerebellar hemisphere of hominoids participates in planning of motor patterns, sensory discrimination

Neurodegenerative disorders discussed. Kuru among people of Papua New Guinea caused by transmission of abnormally folded Prion proteins inducing tremors, loss of coordination, and death. Creutzfeldt¿Jakob disease caused by Prions, memory problems, poor coordination, behavioral changes, dementia, and coma, 70% die within a year of diagnosis. Gerstmann¿Sträussler¿Scheinker Syndrome familial, fatal disease affects patients 20-60 years, heritable. Fatal Familial Insomnia trouble sleeping starting gradually, worsen over time, with speech, coordination problems, dementia, death from months-few years. Variably Protease-Sensitive Prionopathy, sporadic Prion protein disease, in 2018, 14 cases in UK PrPSC Prion protein is less/more resistant to proteolysis. Alzheimer's disease cause of 60¿70% cases of dementia, difficulty in remembering recent events, later problems with language, easily getting lost in the street, bodily functions are lost, leading to death. Parkinson Disease affects the motor system with shaking, rigidity, difficulty with walking, thinking and behavioral problems, ending in dementia, depression and anxiety in > 1/3 of people. Huntington's disease inherited disorder.

The mind faculties are will, thought, imagination, memory, and sensation, induce mental characters, like perception, pain experience, belief, desire, intention, emotion. The mind originated by neuronal activity, is exclusive to humans, and superior animals is the stream of consciousness, constantly changing. Pagans practiced ritual sacrifice, are called Hellenes, resurfaces in 18th-19th-century romanticism, with literary Celtic and Viking revivals, with groups as Wicca, Neo-Druidism, Heathenry, and Slavic Native Faith including aboriginal Americans, Australians, Viking, Age Norse paganism, New Age spirituality. They include: Spiritualism, Afro-Diasporic faiths like Haitian Vodou, Santería. Biblical revelation is the communication with God, under the Holy Spirit inspiration. God is a Trinity, the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit, all the same substance. The Incarnation, is the link of Jesus with God He is fully God and fully human in one person at the same time, and through His resurrection, humans reconciled with God, via this New Covenant. The Holy Ghost is the Spirit of God, the third person of the Trinity, equal with God the Father, the Son.

Neurodegeneratieve aandoeningen besproken. Kuru onder de bevolking van Papoea-Nieuw-Guinea veroorzaakt door transmissie van abnormaal gevouwen Prion-eiwitten die trillingen, verlies van coördinatie en de dood veroorzaken. De ziekte van Creutzfeldt-Jakob veroorzaakt door Prionen, geheugenproblemen, slechte coördinatie, gedragsveranderingen, dementie en coma, 70% sterft binnen een jaar na de diagnose. Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker Syndroom familiaire, fatale ziekte treft patiënten 20-60 jaar, erfelijk. Fatale Familial Insomnia problemen slapen beginnen geleidelijk, verergeren met de tijd, met spraak, coördinatieproblemen, dementie, de dood van maanden tot enkele jaren. Variabele protease-gevoelige Prionopathie, sporadische Prion-eiwitziekte, in 2018, 14 gevallen in het Verenigd Koninkrijk PrPSC Prion-eiwit is minder/meer resistent tegen proteolyse.