Bøger af Amjad Iqbal

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), a member of Malvacae family, is called white gold of Pakistan. It ranks first among all the natural fibers and has been playing a vital role in Pakistan¿s economy. It accounts for 8.6 percent of the value added in agriculture and about 1.8 percent to GDP. The crop is sown on an area of 3075 thousand hectares with production of 13 million bales in 2009-2010 lower by 13 percent over the last year¿s production. It not only meets the needs of fiber of the local industry but also provides food in the form of edible oil and feed in the form of seed cake. Cotton seed is an important source of oil, which can be used in cooking and margarine manufacture and contributes about 63.65 percent of the total edible oil production in Pakistan. Low grade oils are also utilized in soap manufactures and lubricants. Residual seed cake is a valuable protein concentrate used for livestock feed. Cotton is the main source of foreign exchange earnings and brings about 60 percent of the foreign exchange annually from the export of raw material as well as its finished products

Cognitive Radio is an adaptive intelligent radio and network technology that has the ability to detect the channels automatically which are available. Both the cognitive radio and 5th generation (5G) of cellular wireless standards are considered to be the future technology. Cognitive radio offers the possibility to significantly increase the spectral efficiency. The Cognitive radio uses OFDM which is lacking in terms of spectral efficiency and SNR. Now it¿s time to use a scheme which provides high spectral efficiency and SNR that are the requirements of the cognitive radio based fifth generation technology. The proposed solution is UFMC which has improved the power spectral density and SNR.