Bøger i International Series in Management Science Operations Research serien

1. 1. Motivation This book is based on the view-tx)int that both public and private decision making, in practice, can often be ilrproved upon by means of fonnal (nonnative) decision nodels and methods. To sane extent, the validity of this statement can be measured by the irrpressive number of su=esses of disciplines as operations research and management science. Hcwever, as witnessed by the many discussions in the professional journals in these fields, many rrodels and methods do not completely meet the requirements of decision making in prac­ tice. Of all possible origins of these clear shortcomings, we main-· ly focus on only one: the fact that nost of these nodels and methods are unsuitable for decision situations in which multiple and possi­ bly conflicting objectives playa role, because they are concentra­ ted on the (optimal) fulfilment of only one objective. The need to account for multiple goals was observed relatively early. Hoffman [1955], while describing 'what seem to be the prin­ cipal areas (in linear prograrrrning) where new ideas and new methods are needed' gives an exanple with conflicting goals. In this pro­ blem, the assignrrent of relative weights is a great problem for the planning staff and is 'probably not the province of the mathemati­ cian engaged in solving this problem'. These remarks were true pre­ cursors of later develor:nents. Nevertheless, the need for methods dealing with multiple goals was not widely recognized until much later.

Complex systems problems can challenge and tax our logical capability to fully understand their causes and the consequences of any action we may take to solve them.

Zadeh, the theory of fuzzy sets has matured into a wide-ranging collection of concepts, models, and tech niques for dealing with complex phenomena which do not lend themselves to analysis by classical methods based on probability theory and bivalent logic.

Zadeh, the theory of fuzzy sets has matured into a wide-ranging collection of concepts, models, and tech niques for dealing with complex phenomena which do not lend themselves to analysis by classical methods based on probability theory and bivalent logic.

Multi-product, small-lot-sized production has been considered to be a milestone to flow-type mass production, which has been thought to be the most effective production system.

The title of this book is Techniques in Corporate Manpower Planning: Methods and Applications. One type of manpower planning is the planning of short-term succes sions of managers or the assignment planning of positions for individual employees for the next year.