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Nitrogen containing compounds produced by industrial processes are pollutants which pose a significant environmental and health hazard. There are a number of processes that have been devised for removing nitrogen compounds from wastewater. This reference book summarizes different denitrification methods for wastewater processing. The book introduces readers to toxic nitrogen compounds responsible for water pollution. This introduction is followed by chapters which explain different nitrogen removal methods including conventional methods, biological methods, food industry wastewater treatment and new approaches towards environmental pollution remediation: Bio Electrochemical Systems (BESs). This book is a handy reference guide for industrial and environmental engineers and students learning about wastewater management and industrial denitrification.

Herbal Medicine: Back to the Future compiles expert reviews on the application of herbal medicines (including Ayurveda, Chinese traditional medicines and alternative therapies) to treat different ailments. The book series demonstrates the use of sophisticated methods to understand traditional medicine, while providing readers a glimpse into the future of herbal medicine. The second volume in the series continues on the theme of the previous volume, focusing on herbal remedies for cardiovascular health. The topics included in this volume are: Plants used for treating cardiovascular diseases in the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands Herbal products for treating hypertension and hyperlipidemia Medicinal plants and the Mediterranean diet for treating obesity related cardiovascular disorders Traditional Indian cardiovascular medicine This volume is essential reading for all researchers in the field of ethnobotany, natural product chemistry, nutrition and pharmacology. Medical professionals involved in cardiology and internal medicine who seek to improve their knowledge about herbal medicine and alternative therapies will also benefit from the contents of the volume.

Nature has provided opportunities for scientists to observe patterns in biomaterials which can be imitated when designing construction materials. Materials designed with natural elements can be robust and environment friendly at the same time. Advances in our understanding of biology and materials science coupled with the extensive observation of nature have stimulated the search for better accommodation/compression of materials and the higher organization/reduction of mechanical stress in man-made structures. Bio-Inspired Materials is a collection of topics that explore frontiers in 3 sections of bio-inspired design: (i) bionics design, (ii) bio-inspired construction, and (iii) bio-materials. Chapters in each section address the most recent advances in our knowledge about the desired and expected relationship between humans and nature and its use in bio-inspired buildings. Readers will also be introduced to new concepts relevant to bionics, biomimicry, and biomimetics. Section (i) presents research concepts based on information gained from the direct observation of nature and its applications for human living. Section (ii) is devoted to 'artificial construction' of the Earth. This section addresses issues on geopolymers, materials that resemble the structure of soils and natural rocks; procedures that reduce damage caused by earthquakes in natural construction, the development of products from vegetable resins and construction principles using bamboo. The last section takes a look into the future towards the improvement of human living conditions.Bio-Inspired Materials offers readers - having a background in architecture, civil engineering and systems biology - a new perspective about sustainable building which is a key part of addressing the environmental concerns of current times.

Frontiers in Cardiovascular Drug Discovery is a book series devoted to publishing the latest advances in cardiovascular drug design and discovery. Each volume brings reviews on the biochemistry, in-silico drug design, combinatorial chemistry, high-throughput screening, drug targets, recent important patents, and structure-activity relationships of molecules used in cardiovascular therapy. The book series should prove to be of great interest to all medicinal chemists and pharmaceutical scientists involved in preclinical and clinical research in cardiology. The fourth volume of the series covers the following topics: -Aspirin administration-Adenosine receptor targeting for cardiovascular therapy-Drug treatment of patients with coronary stenting-Immunosuppressive drugs in heart transplantation-PCSK9 inhibition for lowering LDL-C levels.

Alzheimer's disease is the most frequent cause of dementia that slowly and progressively causes cognitive impairment and profoundly alters the daily activities of the patients. Approximately, ten percent of all persons over the age of seventy experience significant memory loss, and in more than half of the cases, the cause is Alzheimer's disease.This reference book is an update on the most relevant pathological and clinical findings of this neurological disorder. Chapters cover the basic hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease, pathological features of the disease in the brain, Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and therapy. Information provided in the book is focused on research in developed countries.The book offers students of medicine and nursing as well as medical practitioners and specialists (internists, neurologists, gerontologists, and psychiatrists), the necessary information to understand the pathological and clinical aspects of the disease in depth, with the goal of improving medical outcomes in the care of their patients.

Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research - Alzheimer Disorders is a book series concerned with Alzheimer's disease (AD), a disease that causes dementia, or loss of brain function. This disease affects parts of the brain that affect memory, thought, and language. Chapters in each volume focus on drug research with special emphasis on clinical trials, research on drugs in advanced stages of development and cure for Alzheimer's disease and related disorders.Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research - Alzheimer Disorders will be of particular interest to readers interested in drug therapy of this specific neurodegenerative condition and related brain disorders as the series provides relevant reviews written by experts in the field of Alzheimer's disease research.The eighth volume of this series features chapters covering critical discussions on new therapies for AD. The reviews in this volume include: - Novel Molecular Targets of Tauopathy; Therapeutic and Diagnostic Applications- The Therapy of Alzheimer's Disease: Towards a New Generation of Drugs- Could Antibiotics Be Therapeutic Agents in Alzheimer's Disease?- Use of Antipsychotics in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease- Approaches Based on Cholinergic Hypothesis and Cholinesterase Inhibitors in the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease - Potential Biological Mechanisms with Prophylactic Action in Rapid Cognitive Impairment in Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease

Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research - HIV is a book series that brings updated reviews to readers interested in learning about advances in the development of pharmaceutical agents for the treatment of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and other disorders associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The scope of the book series covers a range of topics including the medicinal chemistry and pharmacology of natural and synthetic drugs employed in the treatment of AIDS (including HAART) and resulting complications, and the virology and immunological study of HIV and related viruses. Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research - HIV is a valuable resource for pharmaceutical scientists, clinicians and postgraduate students seeking updated and critically important information for developing clinical trials and devising research plans in HIV/AIDS research.The fourth volume of this series features 5 chapters that cover these topics: - Design and Synthesis of HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors- Potential Magnetic Nanotherapeutics for Management of neuroAIDS- Syntheses of FDA Approved Integrase Inhibitor HIV Drugs and Improved Manufacturing using Flow Processing- The Development and Clinical Progress on Chemokine Receptor-Based HIV Entry Inhibitors- Sexually Transmitted Co-infections in Persons Living with HIV

A Blueprint for the Hard Problem of Consciousness addresses the fundamental mechanism that allows physical events to transcend into subjective experiences, termed the Hard Problem of Consciousness. Consciousness is made available as the abstract product of self-referent realization of information by strange loops through the levels of processing of the brain. Readers are introduced to the concept of the Hard Problem of Consciousness and related concepts followed by a critical discourse of different theories of consciousness. Next, the author identifies the fundamental flaw of the Integrated Information Theory (IIT) and proposes an alternative that avoids the cryptic intelligent design and panpsychism of the IIT. This author also demonstrates how something can be created out of nothing without resorting to quantum theory, while pointing out neurobiological alternatives to the bottom-up approach of quantum theories of consciousness. The book then delves into the philosophy of qualia in different physiological knowledge networks (spatial, temporal and olfactory, cortical signals, for example) to explain an action-based model consistent with the generational principles of Predictive Coding, which maps prediction and predictive-error signals for perceptual representations supporting integrated goal-directed behaviors. Conscious experiences are considered the outcome of abstractions realized out of map overlays and provided by sustained oscillatory activity. The key feature of this blueprint is that it offers a perspective of the Hard Problem of Consciousness from the point of view of the subject; the experience of 'being the subject' is predicted to be the realization of inference inversely mapped out of hidden causes of global integrated actions. The author explains the consistencies of his blueprint with ideas of the Global Neuronal Workspace and the Adaptive Resonance Theory of consciousness as well as with the empirical evidence supporting the Integrated Information Theory. A Blueprint for the Hard Problem of Consciousness offers a unique perspective to readers interested in the scientific philosophy and cognitive neuroscience theory in relation to models of the theory of consciousness.

Recent Advances in Analytical Techniques is a series of updates in techniques used in chemical analysis. Each volume presents a selection of chapters that explain different analytical techniques and their use in applied research. Readers will find updated information about developments in analytical methods such as chromatography, electrochemistry, optical sensor arrays for pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. The third volume of the series features seven reviews on a variety of techniques: Chiral Analysis of Methamphetamine and Related Controlled Substances in Forensic ScienceLow-cost feedstocks for biofuels and high value added products production: Using multi-parameter flow cytometry as a tool to enhance the process efficiencyRecent Trends in the Application of Ionic Liquids for Micro Extraction Techniques Electrospun Nanofibers: Functional and Attractive Materials for the Sensing and Separation Approaches in Analytical Chemistry Neutron Activation Analysis: An OverviewNon-commercial Polysaccharides-based Chiral Selectors in Enantioselective Chromatography Ru(II)-polypyridyl Complexes as Potential Sensing Agents for Cations and Anions

Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research - Diabetes and Obesity is a book series that brings updated reviews to readers interested in advances in the development of pharmaceutical agents for the treatment of two metabolic diseases - diabetes and obesity. The scope of the book series covers a range of topics including the medicinal chemistry, pharmacology, molecular biology and biochemistry of natural and synthetic drugs affecting endocrine and metabolic processes linked with diabetes and obesity. Reviews in this series also include research on specific receptor targets and pre-clinical / clinical findings on novel pharmaceutical agents. Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research - Diabetes and Obesity is a valuable resource for pharmaceutical scientists and postgraduate students seeking updated and critically important information for developing clinical trials and devising research plans in the field of diabetes and obesity research. The fourth volume of this series features 7 chapters: -Pharmacologic Obesity Treatment - Emphasis on Efficacy and Cardiometabolic Markers-Interplay Between Bile Acid and GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Signaling Informs the Design of Drugs to Combat Obesity and its Metabolic Complications -Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporters Inhibitors for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus -The Effects of Traditional Chinese Medicine on Inflammatory Cytokines in Diabetic Nephropathy -Through the Perspective of Histology - The Alzheimer's Disease Promotion by Obesity and Glucose Metabolism: Type 3 Diabetes -Pharmacological Mechanism of PPARγ Ratio in Diabetes and Obesity -Hydrogen Sulfide and Carbohydrate Metabolism

Obesity is a complex health problem, caused by a number of factors such as excessive food intake, lack of physical activity, genetic predisposition, endocrine disorders, medications and psychiatric illnesses. The incidence of obesity among populations in both the developing and the developed world has reached epidemic proportions. In response to this, efforts to control and treat obesity have also been vigorously pursued, ranging from activities focused on raising awareness about lifestyle changes to the discovery and development of safe and effective anti-obesity drugs. Anti-obesity Drug Discovery and Development is a book series focused on this very important area of healthcare research. Each volume presents insightful updates on pharmaceutical research and development for clinical researchers and healthcare professionals involved in obesity treatment programs.The fourth volume of this series is a compilation of 6 reviews on anti-obesity treatment strategies including updates on obesity and cancer prevention through dietary modulation, the role of anti-obesity medications in polycystic ovary syndrome, potential anti-obesity strategies targeting mitochondria, calcium silicate based formulations for anti-obesity therapy, and the identification of obesity medications from natural products and plants.

Frontiers in Anti-Cancer Drug Discovery is a book series devoted to publishing the latest advances in anti-cancer drug design and discovery. In each volume, eminent scientists contribute reviews relevant to all areas of rational drug design and drug discovery including medicinal chemistry, in-silico drug design, combinatorial chemistry, high-throughput screening, drug targets, recent important patents, and structure-activity relationships. The book series should prove to be of interest to all pharmaceutical scientists involved in research in anti-cancer drug design and discovery. The book series is essential reading to all scientists involved in drug design and discovery who wish to keep abreast of rapid and important developments in the field.The ninth volume of the series features chapters covering the following topics: - New research on the therapeutic intervention of cancer and cancer drug delivery- Dabrafenib usage in melanoma therapy- Targeting autophagy in cancer therapy- Pro-apoptotic and anti-telomerase activity of naturally occurring compounds- CDK inhibitors- Oral nanostructure drug delivery for anti-cancer treatment

Advances in Organic Synthesis is a book series devoted to the latest advances in synthetic approaches towards challenging structures. The series presents comprehensive reviews written by eminent authorities on different synthetic approaches to selected target molecules and new methods developed to achieve specific synthetic transformations or optimal product yields. Advances in Organic Synthesis is essential reading for all organic chemists in academia and the industry who wish to keep abreast of rapid and important developments in the field.This volume presents the following reviews: Stereoselective Methodologies for the Synthesis of Acyclic PolyisoprenoidsMonosubstituted Ferrocene-Containing Thermotropic Liquid CrystalsProgress in the Chemistry of PhosphorothioatesKinetic Resolution Using Diastereoselective Acylating Agents as a Synthetic Approach to Enantiopure AminesAdvances in the Synthesis of Functional α-Organyl gem-Bisphosphonates for Biomedical Applications

The implementation of hydrogen production processes on an industrial scale requires a comprehensive understanding of the chemical proprieties of catalytic materials and the applications of such materials in electrocatalysis. This volume presents information about catalytic materials for hydrogen production and hydrogen valorization in electro-oxidation reactions. Chapters emphasize on materials for classical steam, CO2 sorption enhanced steam reforming and dry reforming for hydrogen production. The hydrogen electro-oxidation reaction in anodes of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) is also explained. Chapters have been contributed by experts in industrial chemistry, adding a valuable perspective for readers. This volume is essential to chemical engineering researchers and industrial professionals interested in hydrogen production systems and the science behind the materials driving the reactions in key processes.

Rheumatoid Arthritis: A systematic approach provides readers with a simple but high quality diagnostic interpretation of clinical images of rheumatoid arthritis. The authors present a systematic approach to explaining the topics related to rheumatoid arthritis with the aid of medical images. -Presents information in the ABCDEGFG methodology (A: alignment, B: bone, C: cartilage, and D: distribution, E: extra-bone, F: further examination, and G: goal) -Illustrates a broad range radiographic imaging techniques such as plain radiography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), CT, scintigraphy, PET-CT, ultrasound, and clinical photographs. -Explains topics in a simple pictorial essay format The book is a simplified reference for medical students studying rheumatology and orthopedics as well as interns in radiology who seek to learn about the finer details of diagnostics in these specialties.

This book provides a quick update on key aspects of current anesthesia practice. Book chapters are written in a concise manner to enable readers (anesthesia providers and medical students) to quickly refresh their knowledge, and understand the essential points about key topics. The chapters are written by eminent clinicians who are also outstanding teachers in their respective anesthesia training programs. Topics covered in this volume include: trauma, trauma anesthesia, regional anesthesia, upper extremity blocks, lower extremity blocks, ultrasound, the use of ultrasound for blocks and vascular access, coagulation, hemostasis, transfusion, anticoagulants and their reversal, issues in pediatric anesthesia, and pediatric trauma, as well as obstetrical anesthesia.The book serves as a handbook for advanced anesthesia professionals and a textbook for medical students.

This book provides an updated information about major systems for anesthesia in patients with concomitant diseases. Book chapters are designed to allow anesthesia providers to refresh their knowledge, and be able to focus on the current issues in these subspecialty areas. Readers will be able to approach anesthesia cases more effectively with the information provided. The chapters are written by eminent clinicians who are also outstanding teachers in their respective anesthesia training programs. Topics covered in this volume include: thoracic anesthesia, cardiac anesthesia, anesthesia in the ENT patient, neuroanesthesia, intensive care / ICU medicine, medical ethics, and interesting cases.The book serves as a handbook for advanced anesthesia professionals and a textbook for medical students.

Recent developments in information science and technology have been possible due to original and timely research contributions containing new results in various fields of applied mathematics. It is also true that advances in information science create opportunities for developing mathematical models further. Mathematics Applied in Information Systems presents a series of reviews of mathematical methods applied to information systems. Readers will find, in this volume, chapters that cover mathematics applied in various vistas of information systems: - software reliability modeling and optimizations, - software release control, - natural language processing and social network analysis, - food safety systems, - soil scattering models, - digital imaging processing, - supply chain management systems This volume is essential reading for software engineering students and IT managers working in academia and industry (geosciences, supply chain management, software development, forensics, transportation etc.).