Bøger af Azza El Amir

Schistosomiasis, also called snail fever is a common intravascular trematode infection. It is one of the most prevalent parasitic diseases in the world, second behind malaria. It affects 207 million of the world¿s poorest people through 74 countries in several parts of the world (King, 2009), 85% of them live in sub-Saharan Africa. It is estimated that schistosomiasis causes about 200,000 deaths per year. The development of simple, rapid and sensitive methods for detecting circulating schistosomal antigen are needed as most available assays require several laboratory equipment and highly skilled persons. Being simple and rapid; latex-based diagnostic tests have been used for detecting specific antigens or antibodies in several diseases. This study aimed at the development of polyclonal antibody -based Latex agglutination test as a simple, rapid and field applicable screening test for SEA in serum and urine samples of human schistosomiasis.

Fascioliasis caused by F. hepatica and F. gigantica is one of the major public health problems in the world and in Egypt. Epidemics of fascioliasis have caused extensive suffering and economic losses. Diagnosis of fascioliasis is based on clinical findings as well as laboratory tests. The parasitological diagnosis is based on identification of eggs in stool, duodenal contents or bile. However, the eggs may be present in very small number at irregular intervals, hence difficult to be found. Antigen detection assays are considered of prime importance for immunodiagnosis, as the detection of circulating antigens can indicate an active infection. In addition coproantigen detection should considered being non-invasive in field surveys for antigen detection assay; purified antibody and antigen were needed.

It is a medical procedure in which an organ is removed from one body and placed in the body of a recipient, to replace a damaged or missing organ. The donor and recipient may be at the same location, or organs may be transported from a donor site to another location. Organs and/or tissues that are transplanted within the same person's body are called autografts. Transplants that are recently performed between two subjects of the same species are called allografts. Allografts can either be from a living or cadaveric source. Organs that have been successfully transplanted include the heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, pancreas, intestine, and thymus. Some organs, like the brain, cannot be transplanted. Tissues include bones, tendons, corneae, skin, heart valves, nerves and veins.

Research in recent years has justified the inclusion of fascioliasis in the list of important human parasitic diseases. Today, fascioliasis is a vector-borne disease presenting the widest known latitudinal, longitudinal and altitudinal distributions. It is now an important human parasitic disease, with estimated range from 2.4 to 17 million people infected. Serodiagnosis of sheep and cattle fascioliasis was initially developed for the detection of specific antibodies against antigens derived from adult fluke extracts or their E/S products. Another alterative based on the detection of specific antigens in the serum or in the faeces of infected animals.

Despite effective chemotherapy, fascioliasis remains a major public health problem in developing countries, with at least 17 million active infections, resulting in significant morbidity, late infection detection, and rapid reinfection after treatment. Therefore, alternative control strategies are mandatory. Proteases, myofibrillar proteins, are found only in invertebrates. In the present study, adult fresh Fasciola gigantica (F. gigantica) worms were homogenized; an antigen was purified and used to raise rabbit polyclonal antibodies (pAb). The purified pAb was then used in sandwich ELISA to detect Fasciola antigens in sera samples from a total 135 cattle.